{"id":30335,"date":"2026-01-03T14:59:39","date_gmt":"2026-01-03T11:59:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=30335"},"modified":"2026-01-05T23:19:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T20:19:07","slug":"devlet-baskanlari-hakkinda-uyusturucu-ticareti-iddialari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/devlet-baskanlari-hakkinda-uyusturucu-ticareti-iddialari\/","title":{"rendered":"Devlet Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Uyu\u015fturucu Ticareti \u0130ddialar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cMaduro Olay\u0131\u201d: Egemenlik ve Devlet Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 \u00dczerinden Hukuki Bir Stres Testi<\/span><\/h3>\n

S\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi ceza hukuku<\/a> ile devletler hukuku kesi\u015fiminde baz\u0131 olaylar vard\u0131r ki, art\u0131k do\u011frulu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir iddia olman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek, hukuk d\u00fczenlerinin \u201ck\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgilerini<\/em>\u201d somut ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar. Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicol\u00e1s Maduro\u2019nun asker\u00ee nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan bir operasyon sonucunda yakalanarak ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve New York\u2019ta bir federal mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcnde ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n fiilen ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, bu t\u00fcrden bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fme, yaln\u0131zca Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 siyasal dengeleri veya ABD\u2019nin ceza siyaseti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011fil; uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelede devletlerin ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti ve bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukukun temel ilkeleriyle ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da derin ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 beraberinde getirmektedir. \u00d6zellikle devlet egemenli\u011fi, kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00f6revdeki devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131na tan\u0131nan ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k rejimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, art\u0131k varsay\u0131msal de\u011fil, somut ve fiil\u00ee bir durumla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Bu noktada hukuk\u00e7u a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u015fu temel soru ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz h\u00e2le gelmektedir: \u201cUyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle m\u00fccadele gerek\u00e7esi, bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan zor kullanmay\u0131 ve fiil\u00ee transferi uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan me\u015fru k\u0131labilir mi?<\/em>\u201d<\/span>
\n<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu g\u00fcncel geli\u015fmeyi \u201ckan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f olgu<\/em>\u201d gibi sunmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaz. Aksine, tam tersine bir metodoloji benimser: \u0130ddiaya konu olaylar\u0131 \u201colgu<\/em>\u201d ile \u201cyorum<\/em>\u201du ay\u0131rarak ele al\u0131r; do\u011frulanmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 veya hen\u00fcz do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 temkinli bir dille \u201ciddia<\/em>\u201d d\u00fczeyinde tutar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 hukukta, \u00f6zellikle kuvvet kullanma ve egemenlik ihlali iddialar\u0131nda, s\u00f6ylem ile ger\u00e7eklik aras\u0131ndaki fark son derece belirleyicidir. Ancak olgu d\u00fczeyi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa bile, \u201cMaduro tipi<\/em>\u201d bir senaryo, hukuk d\u00fczenlerini s\u0131nayan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce deneyi i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr: E\u011fer bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle itham ediliyorsa, hangi yarg\u0131 yolu me\u015frudur; hangi operasyonel yol hukuken kabul edilebilir s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r?<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu noktada bir \u201cikinci katman<\/em>\u201d daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadele, uluslararas\u0131 belgelerde temelde \u201ccezai i\u015fbirli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d modeli \u00fczerinden kurulmu\u015ftur. 1988 tarihli Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Uyu\u015fturucu ve Psikotrop Maddelerin Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/a>, devletleri su\u00e7 tiplerini tan\u0131mlamaya, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izlemeye ve m\u00fcsadereye, adli yard\u0131mla\u015fmay\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye, iade mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmeye ve kontroll\u00fc teslimat gibi y\u00f6ntemleri kullanmaya te\u015fvik eder. Bu metnin \u00f6z\u00fc<\/a>, \u201ctek tarafl\u0131 zor kullanma<\/em>\u201d de\u011fil, \u201ci\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde ceza adaleti<\/em>\u201ddir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n uyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fi iddialar, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta \u201cuyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda dursa da, prati\u011fe yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda \u201cegemenlik, kuvvet kullanma, dokunulmazl\u0131k, yarg\u0131lama yetkisi, insan haklar\u0131 ve usul g\u00fcvenceleri<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 dosyaya ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, bu t\u00fcr iddialar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, yaln\u0131zca \u201cgenel su\u00e7 isnad\u0131<\/em>\u201d d\u00fczeyinde kalmaz; baz\u0131 devletler, belirli liderler hakk\u0131nda do\u011frudan ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131r ve iddianame d\u00fczenler. ABD Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 26 Mart 2020 tarihli duyurusunda Nicol\u00e1s Maduro ve baz\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczey isimler hakk\u0131nda \u201cnarco-terrorism<\/em>\u201d ve ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar kapsam\u0131nda iddianame<\/a> d\u00fczenlenerek ceza davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>. Bu t\u00fcr iddianameler, uluslararas\u0131 alanda iki e\u015fzamanl\u0131 etki \u00fcretir. Bir yandan, uyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle m\u00fccadelede \u201ccezai sorumluluk<\/em>\u201d iddias\u0131n\u0131 somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve \u201cyarg\u0131lama yetkisi<\/em>\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6revde bulunan liderler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u201cdokunulmazl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cyakalama y\u00f6ntemi<\/em>\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 keskinle\u015ftirir; zira bir devletin mahkemesinde d\u00fczenlenen iddianame, kendili\u011finden ba\u015fka bir devlet topra\u011f\u0131nda zor kullanma yetkisi yaratmaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk, g\u00f6revdeki devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 devletlerin ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flayan bir koruma tan\u0131r; bu koruma doktrinde \u201cki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k (ratione personae)<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2002 tarihli Arrest Warrant karar\u0131 (Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti \/ Bel\u00e7ika)<\/a>, \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6revdeki d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 \u00fczerinden, g\u00f6revde bulunan \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revlilerin yabanc\u0131 ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi tart\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu alandaki temel referanslardan biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Komisyonu<\/a>\u2019nun devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin yabanc\u0131 ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da, konunun sadece akademik de\u011fil, normatif geli\u015fim alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Buradan \u00e7\u0131kan ana sonu\u00e7 \u015fudur: \u201cBir ki\u015finin a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7larla itham edilmesi<\/em>\u201d, dokunulmazl\u0131k ve egemenlik gibi rejimleri otomatik olarak devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmaz; aksine, tam da bu rejimlerin nas\u0131l uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 ve nerede s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131, i\u015fte bu nedenle, \u201cMaduro olay\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131 yaln\u0131zca g\u00fcncel bir haber olarak de\u011fil, daha geni\u015f bir hukuki sorunsal\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak ele almaktad\u0131r. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6nermesi \u015fudur: Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu ticareti iddialar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 d\u00fczlemde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Birinci d\u00fczlem, \u201cceza sorumlulu\u011fu<\/em>\u201d d\u00fczlemidir: \u0130ddia edilen eylemler su\u00e7 olu\u015fturuyor mu; hangi devletin veya hangi mahkemenin yarg\u0131lama yetkisi var; hangi delil standard\u0131 aran\u0131r? \u0130kinci d\u00fczlem, \u201cy\u00f6ntem\/me\u015fruiyet<\/em>\u201d d\u00fczlemidir: Soru\u015fturman\u0131n ve kovu\u015fturman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde hangi ara\u00e7lar uluslararas\u0131 hukuka uygundur; hangi ara\u00e7lar egemenlik ve kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131na tak\u0131l\u0131r? \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fczlem ise \u201colgu analizi<\/em>\u201ddir: Somut vakalarda ne yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; hangi y\u00f6ntem tercih edilmi\u015f; hukuki tart\u0131\u015fma hangi noktada kilitlenmi\u015f ve hangi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011fmu\u015ftur?<\/span><\/p>\n

Okuyucu, \u00f6zellikle kamuoyu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla yap\u0131lan bir hatayla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r: \u201cYarg\u0131lama yetkisi<\/em>\u201d ile \u201cyakalama\/transfer yetkisi<\/em>\u201d birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Oysa bir mahkemenin bir ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda iddianame<\/a> d\u00fczenlemesi, o ki\u015fiyi yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkeden zorla \u00e7\u0131karma hakk\u0131 do\u011furmaz. Benzer \u015fekilde, bir ki\u015finin \u201cyakalanm\u0131\u015f<\/em>\u201d olmas\u0131, yakalama y\u00f6nteminin hukuka uygun oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede yaz\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri; \u00f6nce uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelede uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi modelini, ard\u0131ndan dokunulmazl\u0131k ve egemenlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131, daha sonra uygulamadaki \u00fc\u00e7 temel \u201cyol<\/em>\u201du (zor kullanma ve rejim de\u011fi\u015fimiyle sonu\u00e7lanan \u00f6rnek; iddianame-\u00f6d\u00fcl-yapt\u0131r\u0131m odakl\u0131 bask\u0131 modeli; g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 iade ve yarg\u0131lama modeli) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak inceleyecek; nihayetinde T\u00fcrk hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan TCK<\/a> m. 13\u2019\u00fcn uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in getirdi\u011fi yarg\u0131lama yetkisini bu b\u00fcy\u00fck resim i\u00e7inde konumland\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu Su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Uluslararas\u0131 Niteli\u011fi ve \u201cCezai \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Modeli\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu veya uyar\u0131c\u0131 madde imal ve ticareti, klasik anlamda tek bir \u00fclkenin ceza hukuku s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u201ctamamlanan<\/em>\u201d bir su\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7ok, \u00fcretim-nakliye-da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m-finansman zinciriyle birden fazla \u00fclkeye yay\u0131lan, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc<\/a> ve finansal altyap\u0131 kullanan bir su\u00e7 tipidir. Bu su\u00e7un uluslararas\u0131 niteli\u011fi, sadece faillerin s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fmas\u0131yla de\u011fil; su\u00e7 ekonomisinin kendisinin uluslararas\u0131 piyasalara entegre olmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretim bir \u00fclkede, prek\u00fcrs\u00f6r kimyasallar\u0131n temini ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede, nakliye hatlar\u0131 birka\u00e7 \u00fclke \u00fczerinden, paran\u0131n aklanmas\u0131 ise \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bamba\u015fka finansal merkezlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir. Bu yap\u0131sall\u0131k, devletlerin uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca \u201ckamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d veya \u201ckamu d\u00fczeni<\/em>\u201d meselesi olarak de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan organize su\u00e7<\/a> ve mali su\u00e7 boyutlar\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle uluslararas\u0131 toplum, uyu\u015fturucu ticaretine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin yaln\u0131zca ulusal soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla de\u011fil, devletleraras\u0131 koordinasyonla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fi sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buradaki kilit fikir \u015fudur: Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131yla m\u00fccadelede \u201cen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc silah<\/em>\u201d \u00e7o\u011fu zaman tek bir \u00fclkenin polisi veya mahkemesi de\u011fil; farkl\u0131 hukuk sistemlerinin ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan cezai i\u015fbirli\u011fi mekanizmalar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte 1988 tarihli Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Uyu\u015fturucu ve Psikotrop Maddelerin Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme (k\u0131saca 1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi)<\/a>, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n en kapsaml\u0131 ve en sistematik ifadesidir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin \u201c\u00e7ekirdek mant\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d<\/span><\/h4>\n

1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/a>\u2019nin \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde ve genel kurgusunda, uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n devletlerin istikrar\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatan, ekonomik ve sosyal dokuyu bozan bir olgu oldu\u011fu vurgulan\u0131r. Ancak S\u00f6zle\u015fme, bu a\u011f\u0131r tehdide ra\u011fmen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc esas itibar\u0131yla cezai i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00fczerinden kurar. UNODC\u2019nin S\u00f6zle\u015fme sayfas\u0131nda da a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere metin<\/a>; kara para aklama, prek\u00fcrs\u00f6rlerin sapt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (diversion), iade, kontroll\u00fc teslimat ve \u201cyarg\u0131laman\u0131n devri<\/em>\u201d gibi i\u015fbirli\u011fi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sistemle\u015ftirir. Bu tercih tesad\u00fcfi de\u011fildir: Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczeni, su\u00e7la m\u00fccadelede dahi egemenlik ve kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131 gibi temel ilkelerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ister; bu nedenle \u201ctek tarafl\u0131 zor kullanma<\/em>\u201dy\u0131 genel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak benimsemez. S\u00f6zle\u015fme, devletlerin ortak hareket etmesini hedeflerken, bunu \u201cyasal prosed\u00fcrler<\/em>\u201d i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, yaz\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda \u201coperasyonel s\u0131n\u0131rlar<\/em>\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlayacak \u015fekilde \u015fu ayr\u0131m\u0131 \u015fimdiden netle\u015ftirmek gerekir: 1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, devletlere uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131nda yarg\u0131lama ve soru\u015fturma kapasitesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapar; fakat bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131, ba\u015fka bir devletin topra\u011f\u0131nda tek tarafl\u0131 zor kullanma serbestisi tan\u0131maz. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u00e7lar, \u201cyakala getir<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde fiil\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 aktar\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil; \u201cdelili payla\u015f, iade et, mallara el koy, yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 koordine et<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde hukuk\u00ee i\u015fbirli\u011fidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131s\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin i\u015flevi, yaln\u0131zca \u201ciyi niyet beyan\u0131<\/em>\u201d de\u011fildir. Metin, uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelede devletlerin i\u00e7 hukuklar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir standarda yakla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Bunu d\u00f6rt ana eksende yapar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130lk eksen, su\u00e7la\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme, taraf devletlerin uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin temel fiilleri i\u00e7 hukuklar\u0131nda su\u00e7 haline getirmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu su\u00e7la\u015ft\u0131rma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, yaln\u0131zca \u201cmaddeyi \u00fcretme ve satma<\/em>\u201d gibi \u00e7ekirdek fiilleri de\u011fil; su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc yap\u0131lara kat\u0131l\u0131m, su\u00e7tan elde edilen gelirlerin aklanmas\u0131 gibi tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 alanlar\u0131 da kapsar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci eksen, mali izler ve malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na el koymad\u0131r. Uyu\u015fturucu ekonomisinin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu kez \u201cnakit ak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201dna ve su\u00e7 gelirlerinin sisteme sokulmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle S\u00f6zle\u015fme, su\u00e7tan elde edilen gelirlerin ve su\u00e7ta kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n tespiti, dondurulmas\u0131 ve m\u00fcsaderesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kapsaml\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7erir (\u00f6zellikle m\u00fcsadere\/el koyma d\u00fczeni, uygulamada \u201cfollow-the-money<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 zemini olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc eksen, yarg\u0131 yetkisinin kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 birden fazla \u00fclkeyi ilgilendirdi\u011finde \u201changi devlet yarg\u0131layacak?<\/em>\u201d sorusu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. S\u00f6zle\u015fme, devletlere belirli ba\u011flama noktalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yarg\u0131 yetkisi tesis etme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar; \u00f6rne\u011fin su\u00e7un kendi topraklar\u0131nda i\u015flenmesi, failin kendi vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, baz\u0131 durumlarda sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00fclkeye etkisi gibi ba\u011flar \u00fczerinden. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, ileride T\u00fcrk hukukundaki TCK m. 13 ve ABD\u2019nin extraterritorial yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yaparken kritik olacakt\u0131r: 1988 rejimi, yarg\u0131 yetkisini geni\u015fletirken dahi, bunu genellikle hukuk\u00ee ba\u011flar \u00fczerinden rasyonalize eder.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc eksen ise, S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin \u201ckalbi<\/em>\u201d say\u0131labilecek uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmleridir. Burada S\u00f6zle\u015fme, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131yla m\u00fccadelede pratikte en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan mekanizmalar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r: iade, adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma, kontroll\u00fc teslimat, denizde m\u00fcdahale i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve ilgili bilgi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130ade (extradition): \u201cFailin ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u201d bozan ana mekanizma<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131nda en s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen sorunlardan biri, failin bir \u00fclkede su\u00e7 faaliyetini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcp ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede saklanmas\u0131 veya farkl\u0131 pasaportlar ve finansal a\u011flar \u00fczerinden izini kaybettirmesidir. 1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, bu nedenle iade kurumunu uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelenin merkezine yerle\u015ftirir. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin iade h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, taraf devletlerin kendi aralar\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iade yap\u0131labilirlik zeminini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi ama\u00e7lar; b\u00f6ylece su\u00e7lular\u0131n \u201cg\u00fcvenli liman<\/em>\u201d aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131m\u0131z ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli olan nokta \u015fudur: \u0130ade, hem egemenlik ilkesine daha uygun hem de yarg\u0131laman\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir y\u00f6ntemdir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc iade, kural olarak iki devlet aras\u0131nda yasal prosed\u00fcrlere dayan\u0131r; yakalama ve teslim, belirli g\u00fcvencelerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu nedenle devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 veya \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet g\u00f6revlisi gibi \u201cy\u00fcksek politik risk<\/em>\u201d ta\u015f\u0131yan dosyalarda, iade mekanizmas\u0131, \u201coperasyonel zor kullanma<\/em>\u201dya k\u0131yasla daha az tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir yol olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda Hern\u00e1ndez \u00f6rne\u011finin ni\u00e7in daha \u201cme\u015fru ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir<\/em>\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klarken bu iade mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirleyici olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma (mutual legal assistance)<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131nda delil, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman tek bir \u00fclkede toplanamaz. Banka kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkededir; ileti\u015fim verileri ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkededir; sevkiyat\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi liman veya havaalan\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u00fclkededir. \u0130\u015fte bu nedenle 1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, adli yard\u0131mla\u015fmay\u0131 (MLA) ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede d\u00fczenler. Adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma; delil toplama, tan\u0131k dinleme, belge temini, arama-el koyma kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkede icras\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok i\u015flemi kapsar ve uyu\u015fturucu soru\u015fturmalar\u0131nda \u201cdosyay\u0131 ayakta tutan<\/em>\u201d unsurdur.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Burada \u00f6nemle vurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r: Adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, su\u00e7la m\u00fccadeleyi hukuk devletinin usul g\u00fcvenceleri i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctme idealini somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu mekanizma, delilin \u201changi usulle<\/em>\u201d elde edildi\u011fini ve elde edili\u015finin denetlenebilirli\u011fini daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar. Oysa zor kullanma veya tek tarafl\u0131 operasyon iddialar\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck problem, delilin ve yakalaman\u0131n \u201chesap verilebilir<\/em>\u201d bir usul i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesidir. Bu ayr\u0131m, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu iddialar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cy\u00f6ntem\/me\u015fruiyet<\/em>\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na do\u011frudan ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kontroll\u00fc teslimat (controlled delivery)<\/span><\/h4>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin uygulama a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en stratejik kurumlar\u0131ndan biri, kontroll\u00fc teslimatt\u0131r. Kontroll\u00fc teslimat, ele ge\u00e7irilen uyu\u015fturucu sevkiyat\u0131n\u0131n veya su\u00e7la ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6nderinin, kolluk g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131nda kontroll\u00fc \u015fekilde hareket ettirilmesi ve b\u00f6ylece yaln\u0131zca \u201ckuryenin<\/em>\u201d de\u011fil, su\u00e7 a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst halkalar\u0131n\u0131n da tespit edilmesi amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. UNODC, kontroll\u00fc teslimat\u0131 1988 rejiminin uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi ara\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sayar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131m\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kontroll\u00fc teslimat\u0131n de\u011feri, \u015fu noktada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Bu kurum, uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelede \u201coperasyon<\/em>\u201d kelimesinin \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yanl\u0131\u015f \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imde bir asker\u00ee harek\u00e2t\u0131 de\u011fil; ceza muhakemesi i\u00e7inde planlanan, yarg\u0131sal denetime a\u00e7\u0131k ve i\u015fbirli\u011fine dayal\u0131 bir kolluk stratejisini ifade eder. Yani 1988 rejimi, operasyonel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle d\u0131\u015flamaz; fakat bu operasyonelli\u011fi yasal\u00a0i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde ve usul g\u00fcvenceleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Denizde m\u00fcdahale ve bayrak devleti i\u015fbirli\u011fi: Egemenlik ilkesinin \u201cuyarlanm\u0131\u015f\u201d hali<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu sevkiyatlar\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla deniz yoluyla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, denizde yakalama ve arama-el koyma meseleleri egemenlik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131lar. 1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, denizde uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7in bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve de sunar. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve, \u00f6zellikle bayrak devleti izni ve koordinasyon mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u015fekillenir; yani \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k denizde dahi<\/em>\u201d m\u00fcdahale, genellikle belirli izin ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131r. Avrupa Konseyi\u2019nin, S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ilgili h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere ayr\u0131ca anla\u015fma \u00fcretti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; bu da 1988 rejiminin pratikte i\u015fbirli\u011fi gerektirdi\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nokta, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 dosyalar\u0131yla do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r: Uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen, denizde bile m\u00fcdahaleyi i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve izin \u015fartlar\u0131na ba\u011flarken, bir ba\u015fka devletin ba\u015fkentinde veya devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik iddia edilen bir \u201cyakalama\/transfer<\/em>\u201d eylemini hukuk\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. 1988 rejiminin genel e\u011filimi, egemenlik ilkesini tamamen devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmak de\u011fil; uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelede egemenli\u011fi \u201ckoordinasyon yoluyla<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6netilebilir hale getirmektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCezai i\u015fbirli\u011fi modeli\u201dnin devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 iddialar\u0131na s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015fey<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonunda, 1988 Viyana S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu iddialar\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmaya ne s\u00f6yledi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k ve net bi\u00e7imde ba\u011flamak gerekir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme, do\u011frudan \u201cdevlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131<\/em>\u201dndan bahsetmez; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc metin bir dokunulmazl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi de\u011fildir. Ancak S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcnsel kurgusu, \u015fu temel prensibi fiilen in\u015fa eder: Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131yla m\u00fccadelede kal\u0131c\u0131 ve me\u015fru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, devletleraras\u0131 ceza adaleti i\u015fbirli\u011fidir. Bu i\u015fbirli\u011fi; su\u00e7lar\u0131n i\u00e7 hukukta tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131, delilin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, su\u00e7 gelirlerinin dondurulmas\u0131 ve m\u00fcsadere edilmesi, iade ve adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletilmesi, gerekti\u011finde kontroll\u00fc teslimat gibi tekniklerle a\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 veya \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6netici s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda i\u015f daha da hassasla\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu dosyalarda yaln\u0131zca su\u00e7 isnad\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda dokunulmazl\u0131k, egemenlik ve kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00fcst normlar devrededir. Bu nedenle, 1988 rejiminin i\u015fbirli\u011fi modeli, b\u00f6yle dosyalarda \u201cen az tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131<\/em>\u201d ve \u201chukuken en dayan\u0131kl\u0131<\/em>\u201d g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 i\u015faret eder: iade\/i\u015fbirli\u011fi\/kovu\u015fturma hatt\u0131. Bunun alternatifine, yani tek tarafl\u0131 zor kullanmaya dayal\u0131 bir \u201cyakalama\/transfer<\/em>\u201d hatt\u0131na y\u00f6nelindi\u011finde, uyu\u015fturucuyla m\u00fccadele amac\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeni bir me\u015fruiyet \u00fcretmez; aksine y\u00f6ntem tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu tespit, yaz\u0131n\u0131n sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in bir e\u015fik olu\u015fturur: E\u011fer \u201cMaduro tipi<\/em>\u201d olaylar hukuken analiz edilecekse, ilk \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct 1988 rejiminin i\u015fbirli\u011fi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct ise, bu i\u015fbirli\u011fi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan ad\u0131mlar\u0131n hangi \u015fartlarda uluslararas\u0131 hukuka uygun say\u0131labilece\u011fi olacakt\u0131r. Bu noktada dokunulmazl\u0131k ve egemenlik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ele alacak olan bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ge\u00e7ilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Devlet Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n Dokunulmazl\u0131k Rejimi ve \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Arama\/Yakalama Emri\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu ticareti gibi a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lamalar, kamuoyunda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cciddi su\u00e7 varsa dokunulmazl\u0131k olmaz<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde sezgisel bir beklenti yarat\u0131r. Oysa uluslararas\u0131 hukukta devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tablo, bu sezgiden daha karma\u015f\u0131k ve daha katmanl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn amac\u0131, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 ve benzeri \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet g\u00f6revlileri s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, \u201cceza sorumlulu\u011fu<\/em>\u201d ile \u201cyarg\u0131lama\/yakalama i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131labilirli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131 netle\u015ftirmek; ayr\u0131ca pratikte s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u201cinternational arrest warrant<\/em>\u201d diye an\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n (ulusal yakalama emri + iade talebi + INTERPOL kanallar\u0131) hukuki niteli\u011fini ve dokunulmazl\u0131kla etkile\u015fimini ortaya koymakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ceza sorumlulu\u011fu ile yabanc\u0131 ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131 yetkisine tabi tutulma ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir<\/span><\/h4>\n

Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cceza sorumlulu\u011fu do\u011fmaz<\/em>\u201d gibi bir kural yoktur. Buna ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6revde bulunan (incumbent) devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 veya baz\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revliler hakk\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 bir devletin ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131 i\u015flemlerini fiilen i\u015fletmesi, dokunulmazl\u0131k rejimleri nedeniyle engellenebilir. Bu ayr\u0131m, \u201csorumluluk<\/em>\u201d (substantive criminal responsibility) ile \u201cyarg\u0131 yetkisi ve muhakeme engelleri<\/em>\u201d (procedural bars) aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131md\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (ICJ) Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (DRC v. Belgium) davas\u0131<\/a>, bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n klasik referans\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u00e7ika\u2019n\u0131n Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin g\u00f6revdeki D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulan yakalama emri, ICJ taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihlal edici g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; Bel\u00e7ika\u2019n\u0131n yakalama emrini kald\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine h\u00fckmedilmi\u015ftir. ICJ\u2019nin olay \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fc, \u201ca\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7 isnad\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na, g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revlinin yabanc\u0131 ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131ndan ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda uyu\u015fturucu ticareti iddialar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan temel soru \u015fudur: Bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131, uyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle itham edildi\u011finde \u201csu\u00e7 isnad\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/em>\u201d; fakat \u201cba\u015fka bir devletin yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve kollu\u011funun g\u00f6revdeki lidere y\u00f6nelik yakalama\/yarg\u0131lama i\u015flemleri<\/em>\u201d dokunulmazl\u0131k ve egemenlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na tak\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k (ratione personae)<\/span><\/h4>\n

Ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k, g\u00f6revde bulunan devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 gibi \u201cdevleti uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczlemde temsil eden<\/em>\u201d \u00fcst d\u00fczey ki\u015filere tan\u0131nan korumay\u0131 ifade eder. Bu dokunulmazl\u0131k, ki\u015finin \u00f6zel ya\u015fam\u0131nda i\u015fledi\u011fi iddia edilen fiilleri dahi kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015f yorumlan\u0131r; mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, ki\u015finin eylemlerini \u201cme\u015fru<\/em>\u201d saymak de\u011fil, g\u00f6revini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken yabanc\u0131 yarg\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesiyle felce u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemektir. ICJ\u2019nin Arrest Warrant karar\u0131ndaki yakla\u015f\u0131m, bu korumay\u0131 teyit eden en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc dayanaklardan biridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu koruma, pratikte \u015funu do\u011furur: G\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede soru\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, iddianame haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 veya yakalama emri d\u00fczenlenmesi bile, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201chukuken tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cfiilen uygulanamaz<\/em>\u201d bir alan yarat\u0131r. Nitekim yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemde Fransa Cour de cassation<\/a>\u2019\u0131n, g\u00f6revdeki bir yabanc\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131na ili\u015fkin yakalama emrine dair dokunulmazl\u0131k vurgusunu i\u00e7eren kararlar\u0131, bu alandaki \u201cki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k istisnas\u0131zd\u0131r\u201d \u00e7izgisinin ulusal mahkemeler d\u00fczeyinde de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Burada bir uyar\u0131 yapmak gerekir: Dokunulmazl\u0131k rejimi, her \u00fclkede ayn\u0131 teknik arg\u00fcmanlarla uygulanmasa da, \u201cg\u00f6revdeki devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131 i\u015flemleri<\/em>\u201d genel olarak y\u00fcksek bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131, \u201ca\u011f\u0131r<\/em>\u201d olmakla birlikte, bu dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendili\u011finden kald\u0131ran evrensel bir istisna kategorisi i\u00e7inde kabul edilmez.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00f6revsel dokunulmazl\u0131k (ratione materiae)<\/span><\/h4>\n

G\u00f6revsel dokunulmazl\u0131k, g\u00f6rev sona erse bile, ki\u015finin \u201cdevlet ad\u0131na resm\u00ee s\u0131fatla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiiller<\/em>\u201d nedeniyle yabanc\u0131 yarg\u0131da sorumlulu\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Ancak uyu\u015fturucu ticareti iddialar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kritik nokta \u015fudur: Uyu\u015fturucu imal ve ticareti, genel kabulde \u201cdevletin resm\u00ee g\u00f6revi<\/em>\u201d say\u0131labilecek bir faaliyet de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 veya \u00fcst d\u00fczey yetkili hakk\u0131nda \u201cuyu\u015fturucu \u015febekesini y\u00f6netti\u011fi\/korudu\u011fu<\/em>\u201d iddias\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131mda g\u00f6revsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n koruma alan\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmez.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buna ra\u011fmen, g\u00f6revsel dokunulmazl\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 tamamen \u00f6nemsiz de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc baz\u0131 dosyalarda isnat edilen eylemler, \u201cdevlet yetkisini kullanma<\/em>\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131nda (\u00f6rne\u011fin kolluk g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6nlendirilmesi, s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kararlar\u0131, siyasi talimatlar) ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve savunma, fiillerin \u201cdevlet faaliyeti<\/em>\u201d say\u0131labilece\u011fi arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir. Bu t\u00fcr tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen kaynaklar aras\u0131nda, devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin yabanc\u0131 ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Komisyonu (ILC) raporlar\u0131<\/a> da yer al\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cInternational arrest warrant\u201d nedir?\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

Kamuoyunda ve hatta baz\u0131 hukuk\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalarda \u201cinternational arrest warrant<\/em>\u201d denildi\u011finde, tek bir k\u00fcresel mahkemenin t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada do\u011frudan icra edilen yakalama emri varm\u0131\u015f gibi bir alg\u0131 olu\u015fur. Oysa ceza hukukunda \u201culuslararas\u0131 yakalama<\/em>\u201d \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u015fu bile\u015fimle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: <\/span>Birincisi, bir devletin yetkili yarg\u0131 makam\u0131n\u0131n (mahkeme\/h\u00e2kim) \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ulusal yakalama emri veya tutuklama karar\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>\u0130kincisi, bu karar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in devreye sokulan iade veya benzeri teslim prosed\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. <\/span>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise, ki\u015finin yerinin tespiti ve ge\u00e7ici yakalama i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan INTERPOL kanallar\u0131d\u0131r (Red Notice, Diffusion vb.).<\/span><\/p>\n

INTERPOL\u2019\u00fcn kendi a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re<\/a> Red Notice bir \u201culuslararas\u0131 yakalama emri<\/em>\u201d de\u011fildir; d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u201cbul, ge\u00e7ici olarak yakala<\/em>\u201d talebidir ve her \u00fclke kendi hukukuna g\u00f6re yakalay\u0131p yakalamamaya karar verir. Ayr\u0131ca Red Notice yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in talep eden \u00fclkede ge\u00e7erli bir yakalama emri veya mahkeme karar\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 gerekir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu teknik ayr\u0131m, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 dosyas\u0131nda hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir \u00fclkenin mahkemesi, g\u00f6revdeki devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yakalama emri \u00e7\u0131karsa dahi, bu karar\u0131n ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde uygulanmas\u0131 \u201cotomatik<\/em>\u201d de\u011fildir; aksine dokunulmazl\u0131k, egemenlik, insan haklar\u0131 ve iade engelleri gibi katmanlar nedeniyle \u00e7o\u011fu zaman fiilen uygulanamaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dokunulmazl\u0131k ile Red Notice\/arrest warrant etkile\u015fimi<\/span><\/h4>\n

INTERPOL sistemi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iki ayr\u0131 a\u015fama vard\u0131r: (i) bildirimin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 \/ dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulmas\u0131, (ii) \u00fcye \u00fclkenin kendi hukuku uyar\u0131nca yakalama yapmas\u0131.\u00a0<\/span>INTERPOL, Red Notice\u2019\u0131n hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n talep eden \u00fclkedeki ge\u00e7erli yakalama emri oldu\u011funu ve \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin kendi hukuklar\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtir.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca INTERPOL\u2019\u00fcn Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2. ve 3. maddeleri kapsam\u0131nda siyasi nitelik ve insan haklar\u0131 gibi s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, uygulamada Red Notice s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde \u00f6nemlidir; \u201cRepository of practice<\/em>\u201d belgesi, yay\u0131mlama i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli ulusal yakalama emri bulunmas\u0131 ve insan haklar\u0131 ihlali riskleri gibi filtreleri \u00f6rneklendirir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, sorun sadece \u201cRed Notice yay\u0131mlan\u0131r m\u0131?<\/em>\u201d sorusu de\u011fildir. Daha belirleyici olan, yay\u0131mlansa bile herhangi bir devletin, dokunulmazl\u0131k ve d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler dengesi nedeniyle fiilen yakalama yap\u0131p yapmayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u201culuslararas\u0131 yakalama emri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemi, hukuk\u00ee olarak iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc test edilmelidir: (a) ara\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekten ne? (Red Notice m\u0131, ulusal yakalama emri mi, AB yakalama emri mi?) (b) ara\u00e7 hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde icra edilebilir?<\/span><\/p>\n

Burada AB\u2019nin European Arrest Warrant<\/a> (EAW) sistemi ayr\u0131ca ay\u0131rt edilmelidir. EAW, AB i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 tan\u0131ma ile i\u015fleyen yarg\u0131sal bir mekanizmad\u0131r; \u201culuslararas\u0131<\/em>\u201d gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de b\u00f6lgeseldir ve AB hukukuna \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 EAW ba\u011flam\u0131nda da g\u00fcndeme gelebilir; ancak devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 vakalar\u0131nda as\u0131l pratik, \u00e7o\u011funlukla iade + INTERPOL kanal\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Arrest Warrant (ICJ) karar\u0131n\u0131n devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na verdi\u011fi ders<\/span><\/h4>\n

ICJ Arrest Warrant davas\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> en \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131, yakalama emrinin sadece \u00fclke i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, emrin \u201culuslararas\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulmas\u0131n\u0131n<\/em>\u201d (circulation) g\u00f6revdeki \u00fcst d\u00fczey yetkilinin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ihlal edebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermesidir. Mahkeme, g\u00f6revdeki d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Bel\u00e7ika\u2019n\u0131n yakalama emrini \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131ma sokmas\u0131n\u0131n dokunulmazl\u0131kla ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015f ve iptal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ders, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu dosyalar\u0131nda \u015fu \u015fekilde yeniden form\u00fcle edilebilir: G\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir devletin \u201cyakalama emri\u201d \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca teorik bir ad\u0131m de\u011fildir; uluslararas\u0131 alanda dola\u015f\u0131ma sokuldu\u011funda, ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir dokunulmazl\u0131k ihlali iddias\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furabilir. Bu nedenle baz\u0131 devletler, g\u00f6revdeki liderler hakk\u0131nda ceza dosyas\u0131 a\u00e7may\u0131 dahi, \u201cihtiyatl\u0131\u201d bir \u00e7izgide tutar veya fiil\u00ee olarak g\u00f6rev bitimini bekler.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130stisna var m\u0131?\u201d sorusu<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00f6zellikle yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereken bir ayr\u0131m var: Burada tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z dokunulmazl\u0131k rejimi, \u00e7o\u011funlukla yabanc\u0131 ulusal mahkemelerin yarg\u0131 yetkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndand\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 ceza mahkemeleri (\u00f6rn. ICC) ba\u011flam\u0131nda dokunulmazl\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 farkl\u0131 normatif zeminde y\u00fcr\u00fcr; ICC\u2019nin i\u015fleyi\u015fi devletlerin i\u015fbirli\u011fi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine dayan\u0131r ve \u201carrest\/surrender<\/em>\u201d s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ayr\u0131 kurallara tabidir. ICC<\/a>\u2019nin yakalama konusundaki i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve teslim tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ele alan kaynaklar, \u201carrest<\/em>\u201d meselesinin uluslararas\u0131 mahkeme ba\u011flam\u0131nda bile pratikte g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 ise \u00e7o\u011fu kez uluslararas\u0131 ceza mahkemelerinin klasik yetki alan\u0131na girmedi\u011finden (sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131\/insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\/soyk\u0131r\u0131m gibi), tart\u0131\u015fma a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla yabanc\u0131 ulusal mahkemeler ve iade mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu da dokunulmazl\u0131k engelini daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2le getirir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonunda, sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ba\u011f kuracak \u015fekilde \u015fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 netle\u015ftirmek gerekir:\u00a0<\/span>Birincisi, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131na y\u00f6neltilen uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lamalar\u0131nda \u201cceza sorumlulu\u011fu<\/em>\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, \u201cyabanc\u0131 devletin ceza muhakemesi i\u015flemleri<\/em>\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, g\u00f6revdeki devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k, yabanc\u0131 yarg\u0131 i\u015flemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bariyer olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; ICJ Arrest Warrant karar\u0131 bu konuda temel referanst\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, \u201cinternational arrest warrant<\/em>\u201d \u00e7o\u011fu zaman tek bir k\u00fcresel emir de\u011fil; ulusal yakalama emri + iade + INTERPOL bildirimi gibi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n birle\u015fimidir ve INTERPOL Red Notice a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201culuslararas\u0131 yakalama emri<\/em>\u201d de\u011fildir.\u00a0D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n her biri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 dokunulmazl\u0131k ve egemenlik testinden ge\u00e7er; \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6revdeki liderler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cdola\u015f\u0131ma sokma<\/em>\u201d dahi hukuki ihtilaf do\u011furabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve kuruldu\u011funda, yaz\u0131n\u0131n bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde art\u0131k \u015fu soruya ge\u00e7mek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: Dokunulmazl\u0131k ve egemenlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 bu kadar belirginken, uygulamada devletler neden ve nas\u0131l farkl\u0131 \u201cyollar<\/em>\u201da ba\u015fvuruyor? Bu soru bizi hem \u201coperasyonel s\u0131n\u0131rlar<\/em>\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na hem de Noriega\/Maduro\/Hern\u00e1ndez vaka setine g\u00f6t\u00fcrecektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Operasyonel Boyut<\/span><\/h3>\n

Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu ticareti iddialar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm noktas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cyarg\u0131lama yetkisi<\/em>\u201d de\u011fil, operasyonel y\u00f6ntemlerin hukuki me\u015fruiyetidir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, ceza hukuku ile uluslararas\u0131 hukukun kesi\u015fiminde yer alan operasyonel ara\u00e7lar\u0131 – asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan kolluk faaliyetleri ve zorla yakalama\/transfer (abduction) – ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131r; \u00f6zellikle ABD\u2019nin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gerek\u00e7eleri ve bu gerek\u00e7ilerin hangi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da nerede durdu\u011funu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131: ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle a\u015f\u0131labilir mi?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 hukukun \u00e7ekirdek ilkelerinden biri olan kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131, devletlerin ba\u015fka bir devletin toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne veya siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 kural olarak yasaklar. Bu yasak, \u201csu\u00e7la m\u00fccadele<\/em>\u201d gibi me\u015fru ve \u00f6nemli ama\u00e7lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda dahi kendili\u011finden ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmaz. Nitekim uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen, a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7larla m\u00fccadelede bile asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 istisna, yarg\u0131sal i\u015fbirli\u011fini kural olarak benimser.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu ticareti gibi a\u011f\u0131r ve s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da ayn\u0131 mant\u0131k ge\u00e7erlidir. Ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi, iddianame d\u00fczenlenmesi veya hatta ulusal bir yakalama emrinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tek ba\u015f\u0131na ba\u015fka bir devletin topraklar\u0131nda asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 me\u015fru k\u0131lmaz. Bu noktada yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ayr\u0131m nettir: Ceza adaleti ile silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 farkl\u0131 hukuki rejimlere tabidir. \u0130lki usul g\u00fcvenceleri, iade ve adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma ile ilerler; ikincisi ise ancak \u00e7ok dar istisnalar alt\u0131nda – \u00f6rne\u011fin me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa – hukuken kabul edilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u0131za (consent): \u201csessiz onay\u201d iddias\u0131 operasyonu me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r m\u0131?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Operasyonel me\u015fruiyet tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda en s\u0131k ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen gerek\u00e7elerden biri, ev sahibi devletin r\u0131zas\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer bir devlet, kendi topraklar\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 bir devletin kolluk veya asker\u00ee faaliyetine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a r\u0131za g\u00f6stermi\u015fse, kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131 ihlali iddias\u0131 zay\u0131flar. Ancak r\u0131zan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, belirgin ve yetkili makamlarca verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u201cZ\u0131mni r\u0131za<\/em>\u201d, \u201csessiz onay<\/em>\u201d veya \u201cfiil\u00ee durumdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan r\u0131za<\/em>\u201d arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren y\u00fcksek profilli dosyalarda son derece sorunludur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu ticareti iddialar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda, g\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik operasyonlarda r\u0131za iddias\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hukuki bir kurgu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Zira bir devletin, kendi ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n yakalanmas\u0131na r\u0131za g\u00f6stermesi, siyasal ve anayasal bak\u0131mdan istisnai – hatta \u00e7o\u011fu zaman d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez – bir durumdur. Bu nedenle r\u0131za arg\u00fcman\u0131, pratikte daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemler, rejim de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri veya uluslararas\u0131 vesayet benzeri ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ko\u015fullarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde, r\u0131za iddias\u0131, operasyonel me\u015fruiyeti kurtarmak i\u00e7in sonradan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen bir savunma niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa iddialar\u0131: uyu\u015fturucu ticareti \u201csilahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131\u201d m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/span><\/h4>\n

ABD uygulamas\u0131nda ve s\u00f6yleminde zaman zaman uyu\u015fturucu ticareti, ulusal g\u00fcvenli\u011fe y\u00f6nelik \u201cola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tehdit<\/em>\u201d veya \u201cnarco-terrorism<\/em>\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen arg\u00fcman, uyu\u015fturucu \u015febekelerinin devletleri istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fiddet ve ter\u00f6rle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa gerek\u00e7esinin devreye girebilece\u011fidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu arg\u00fcman\u0131n hukuki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa, klasik uluslararas\u0131 hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak do\u011far ve zorunluluk ile orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k kriterlerine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Uyu\u015fturucu ticareti, ne kadar y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furursa do\u011fursun, tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u201csilahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131<\/em>\u201d kategorisine yerle\u015ftirilmez. Uyu\u015fturucu ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u015fiddet eylemleri, ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 veya devlet destekli silahl\u0131 faaliyetler s\u00f6z konusuysa dahi, her somut olayda sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n devlete atfedilebilirli\u011fi, imminence (yak\u0131nl\u0131k) ve orant\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ispatlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin \u201cnarco-terrorism<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 tipleri yaratabilir; ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, kuvvet kullanma hukukunu otomatik olarak geni\u015fletmez. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, ceza hukukunda \u201cter\u00f6rle ba\u011flant\u0131<\/em>\u201d kurulmas\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 hukukta me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa e\u015fi\u011fini kendili\u011finden a\u015fmaz. Bu nedenle uyu\u015fturucu gerek\u00e7esiyle devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik asker\u00ee operasyon iddialar\u0131, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa savunmas\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ikna edici bi\u00e7imde temellendirilemez.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan kolluk faaliyeti: \u201chot pursuit\u201d ceza hukukuna ta\u015f\u0131nabilir mi?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Baz\u0131 devletler, s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan kolluk faaliyetlerini \u201cs\u0131cak takip<\/em>\u201d (hot pursuit) benzeri kavramlarla savunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Deniz hukukunda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir ba\u011flamda kabul edilen bu kavram\u0131n, kara \u00fclkesinde ve \u00f6zellikle devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 hedef alan dosyalarda geni\u015fletilerek uygulanmas\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 hukukta kabul g\u00f6rmez.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan kolluk faaliyeti, kural olarak ev sahibi devletin \u00f6nceden verilmi\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k r\u0131zas\u0131na veya ikili\/\u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 anla\u015fmalara dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelede denizde i\u015fbirli\u011fi rejimleri bu nedenle ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir; karada ise benzer bir genel yetki yoktur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201ckolluk operasyonu<\/em>\u201d etiketi, fiil\u00ee asker\u00ee veya paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 hukukile\u015ftirmez. Bu ayr\u0131m, ceza muhakemesinde delilin me\u015fruiyeti ve yarg\u0131laman\u0131n adilli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da belirleyicidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAbduction\u201d (zorla yakalama\/transfer): ABD i\u00e7tihad\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

Operasyonel tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en sert ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, zorla yakalama ve \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131r. ABD i\u00e7 hukukunda bu konuda s\u0131kl\u0131kla at\u0131f yap\u0131lan karar, United States v. Alvarez-Machain<\/em><\/a>\u2019dir. Bu kararda ABD Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n Meksika\u2019dan zorla ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131larak ABD\u2019ye getirilmesinin, ABD mahkemelerinin yarg\u0131 yetkisini ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahkeme, iade anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ihlalinin, ceza muhakemesini otomatik olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyece\u011fini kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu i\u00e7tihat, ABD hukukunda \u201cyarg\u0131 yetkisi-yakalama y\u00f6ntemi<\/em>\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 keskinle\u015ftirir: Y\u00f6ntem hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olsa bile, mahkeme yarg\u0131lamaya devam edebilir. Ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n iki kritik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131r. Birincisi, bu bir i\u00e7 hukuk yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r; uluslararas\u0131 hukukun ihlal edilmedi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u0130kincisi, Alvarez-Machain gibi vakalar devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, bireyleri konu al\u0131r. G\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n zorla ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, sadece iade ihlali de\u011fil, egemenlik ihlali ve dokunulmazl\u0131k ihlali iddialar\u0131n\u0131 da tetikleyebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cabduction<\/em>\u201d, \u00f6zellikle ev sahibi devletin r\u0131zas\u0131 yoksa, kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131 ve egemenlik ilkesinin ihlali olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Ceza muhakemesinde \u201cmahkeme yarg\u0131layabilir mi?<\/em>\u201d sorusuna baz\u0131 i\u00e7 hukuk sistemleri olumlu yan\u0131t verse bile, bu durum devlet sorumlulu\u011funu ve uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ABD i\u00e7tihad\u0131, operasyonel me\u015fruiyeti de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca yarg\u0131laman\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ceza muhakemesinde me\u015fruiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131: yarg\u0131lama yetkisi \u2260 yakalama y\u00f6ntemi<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu noktada b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn anahtar kavram\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: me\u015fruiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131. Bir devletin veya mahkemenin bir ki\u015fi \u00fczerinde yarg\u0131lama yetkisine sahip olmas\u0131, o ki\u015fiyi elde etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan her y\u00f6ntemi me\u015fru k\u0131lmaz. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, bir ki\u015finin fiilen yakalanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, yakalaman\u0131n hukuka uygun oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda bu ayr\u0131m, \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fczeyde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Birinci d\u00fczeyde, ceza sorumlulu\u011fu vard\u0131r: fiil su\u00e7 mudur, deliller yeterli midir? \u0130kinci d\u00fczeyde, yarg\u0131 yetkisi vard\u0131r: hangi mahkeme bakabilir? \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 d\u00fczeyde ise, operasyonel y\u00f6ntem vard\u0131r: san\u0131k yarg\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcne hangi yolla getirildi? Bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fczeydeki hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k, bazen yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmez; ancak \u00e7o\u011fu zaman delillerin reddi, uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk ve siyasal kriz gibi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

ABD arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131: \u201cetkinlik\u201d hukuki me\u015fruiyeti ikame etmez<\/span><\/h4>\n

ABD uygulamas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclen arg\u00fcman, uyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle m\u00fccadelenin \u201cola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tehdit<\/em>\u201d olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve bu nedenle ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ara\u00e7lar gerektirdi\u011fidir. Bu arg\u00fcman, i\u00e7 kamuoyu ve ceza siyaseti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan etkili olabilir; ancak uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildir. Etkinlik, hukuki me\u015fruiyetin yerine ge\u00e7mez. Aksi yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u201cama\u00e7 her \u015feyi me\u015fru k\u0131lar<\/em>\u201d sonucuna var\u0131r ki, bu uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin reddetti\u011fi bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Operasyonel k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgiler<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonunda \u015fu tespitler yap\u0131labilir. Uyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle m\u00fccadele, a\u011f\u0131r ve me\u015fru bir hedeftir; ancak bu hedef, kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak ask\u0131ya almaz. R\u0131za a\u00e7\u0131k ve tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z olmad\u0131k\u00e7a, ba\u015fka bir devletin topraklar\u0131nda operasyonel g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 hukuken sorunludur. Me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa iddialar\u0131, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda nadiren ikna edicidir. Zorla yakalama\/transfer, baz\u0131 i\u00e7 hukuklarda yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 engellemese bile, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r ihlal riskleri ta\u015f\u0131r. Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ise bu riskler, dokunulmazl\u0131k ve egemenlik boyutlar\u0131yla daha da derinle\u015fir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vaka \u0130ncelemesi Ve Olgu Analizi: \u00dc\u00e7 Yol, \u00dc\u00e7 Sonu\u00e7<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde kurulan normatif \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi somutla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 vaka \u00fczerinden ilerler. Ama\u00e7, \u201cdevlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu ticareti iddialar\u0131<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda hangi operasyonel yolun se\u00e7ildi\u011fini, bu yolun hangi hukuki gerek\u00e7elere dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ne t\u00fcr hukuki\/siyasal sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu\u011funu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymakt\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 vaka, bilin\u00e7li olarak farkl\u0131 \u201cyollar\u0131<\/em>\u201d temsil edecek \u015fekilde se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir: (i) asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahale ve zorla yakalama, (ii) g\u00f6revdeyken iddianame\u2013\u00f6d\u00fcl\u2013bask\u0131 stratejisi, (iii) g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 iade ve yarg\u0131lama.<\/span><\/p>\n

Manuel Noriega (Panama): Asker\u00ee M\u00fcdahale ve Zorla Yakalama\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

Manuel Noriega vakas\u0131, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lamalar\u0131n\u0131n bir devlet liderine y\u00f6nelmesi h\u00e2linde en sert ve en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 yolun tarihsel \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Noriega, 1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda Panama\u2019da fiil\u00ee iktidar\u0131 elinde bulunduran asker\u00ee lider konumundayken, ABD\u2019de uyu\u015fturucu ticareti ve kara para aklama su\u00e7lamalar\u0131yla itham edilmi\u015f ve hakk\u0131nda iddianameler d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu a\u015fama, klasik bir ceza hukuku s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131r. Ancak olaylar\u0131n seyri burada durmam\u0131\u015f; 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD, Panama\u2019ya asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahalede bulunmu\u015f ve Noriega bu m\u00fcdahalenin ard\u0131ndan yakalanarak ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Operasyonel a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Noriega vakas\u0131 \u201cyarg\u0131lama yetkisi<\/em>\u201d ile \u201cyakalama y\u00f6ntemi<\/em>\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7\u0131plak bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6rnektir. ABD mahkemeleri, Noriega\u2019n\u0131n zorla getirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f; i\u00e7 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yakalama y\u00f6nteminin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, yarg\u0131 yetkisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir sebep say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ABD i\u00e7tihad\u0131nda \u201cmahkeme san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne nas\u0131l getirildi\u011fiyle de\u011fil, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kim oldu\u011fu ve isnad\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fiyle ilgilenir<\/em>\u201d \u00e7izgisinin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak uluslararas\u0131 hukuk perspektifinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tablo farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Panama\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahale, yaln\u0131zca bir \u201ckolluk faaliyeti<\/em>\u201d olarak nitelendirilemez; a\u00e7\u0131k bir kuvvet kullan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fcdahalenin uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadele gerek\u00e7esiyle me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131 ve egemenlik ilkesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uzun s\u00fcreli tart\u0131\u015fmalar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n merkezinde \u015fu soru yer al\u0131r: Bir devlet, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla ba\u015fka bir devletin fiil\u00ee liderini yakalamak i\u00e7in asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanabilir mi? Noriega \u00f6rne\u011fi, bu soruya \u201cfiilen evet, hukuken tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde bir cevap \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu vaka, yaz\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne yay\u0131lan temel gerilimi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterir: Ceza muhakemesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; Noriega ABD\u2019de mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu sonu\u00e7, kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemin uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan me\u015fru oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmemi\u015ftir. Noriega vakas\u0131 bu nedenle, \u201cetkin ama hukuken pahal\u0131<\/em>\u201d bir yol olarak nitelendirilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nicol\u00e1s Maduro (Venezuela): G\u00f6revdeyken \u0130ddianame ve \u201cNarco-Terrorism\u201d Teorisi\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

Nicol\u00e1s Maduro vakas\u0131, Noriega\u2019dan farkl\u0131 olarak, hen\u00fcz tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir operasyonel sonu\u00e7tan ziyade devam eden ve \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 sunar. ABD Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda Maduro ve baz\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczey Venezuelal\u0131 yetkililer hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu ticareti, narco-terrorism ve ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lar kapsam\u0131nda iddianameler d\u00fczenlemi\u015f; ayr\u0131ca y\u00fcksek mebla\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcl mekanizmalar\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir. Bu a\u015fama, ceza hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cyarg\u0131lama yetkisi iddias\u0131n\u0131n<\/em>\u201d en ileri noktalar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maduro dosyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ABD\u2019nin uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca klasik \u201ctrafik<\/em>\u201d olarak de\u011fil, ter\u00f6rle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir tehdit olarak \u00e7er\u00e7evelemesinde yatar. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ABD i\u00e7 hukukunda a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 tipleri ve geni\u015f yetkiler \u00fcretse de, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan otomatik bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmaz. G\u00f6revde bulunan bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, iddianamenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ortadan kalkmaz; yakalama ve yarg\u0131lama bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ciddi engeller varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn bas\u0131na yans\u0131yan<\/a> ve Maduro\u2019nun asker\u00ee operasyon sonucunda yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki iddialar, bu dosyay\u0131 teorik bir tart\u0131\u015fmadan operasyonel bir kriz senaryosuna ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu iddialar hen\u00fcz tam anlam\u0131yla do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015f olsa da, hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli olan nokta \u015fudur: E\u011fer g\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131, r\u0131za olmaks\u0131z\u0131n asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131larak yakalanm\u0131\u015f veya \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, bu durum Noriega \u00f6rne\u011finden bile daha a\u011f\u0131r bir egemenlik ve dokunulmazl\u0131k ihlali tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tetikler.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maduro vakas\u0131, bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u201chukuki bask\u0131 stratejisi<\/em>\u201d ile \u201coperasyonel zor kullanma<\/em>\u201d aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7izginin nerede k\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir canl\u0131 stres testi i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u0130ddianame, \u00f6d\u00fcl ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar; hukuken tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da h\u00e2len ceza adaleti ara\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kal\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k asker\u00ee operasyon iddialar\u0131, uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadele gerek\u00e7esinin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin temel yasaklar\u0131yla do\u011frudan temas eder. Bu nedenle Maduro dosyas\u0131, sonu\u00e7tan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, \u201changi noktada ceza hukuku s\u00f6ylemi yerini g\u00fc\u00e7 siyasetine b\u0131rak\u0131r?<\/em>\u201d sorusunu g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Juan Orlando Hern\u00e1ndez (Honduras): G\u00f6rev Sonras\u0131 \u0130ade<\/span><\/h4>\n

Juan Orlando Hern\u00e1ndez vakas\u0131, \u00f6nceki iki \u00f6rne\u011fin aksine, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lamalar\u0131n\u0131n en az tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde nas\u0131l sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Hern\u00e1ndez, Honduras Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde uyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 iddialarla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; ancak as\u0131l s\u00fcre\u00e7, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi sona erdikten sonra ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin iade talebi \u00fczerine Honduras makamlar\u0131, Hern\u00e1ndez\u2019i teslim etmi\u015f; yarg\u0131lama ABD\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu vakada dikkat \u00e7ekici olan husus, operasyonel zor kullanman\u0131n tamamen devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ne asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahale ne de s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan kolluk operasyonu s\u00f6z konusudur. S\u00fcre\u00e7, klasik ceza hukuku ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla – iddianame, iade, adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma – ilerlemi\u015ftir. G\u00f6revdeyken ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k engeli fiilen a\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f; g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde bu engel ortadan kalk\u0131nca yarg\u0131lama m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hern\u00e1ndez \u00f6rne\u011fi, hukuki me\u015fruiyet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cy\u00fcksek uyumlu<\/em>\u201d bir yol sunar. Uluslararas\u0131 hukukta en az tart\u0131\u015fma yaratan senaryo, bu t\u00fcr g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 iade s\u00fcre\u00e7leridir. Bu yolun dezavantaj\u0131, zaman al\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve k\u0131sa vadede \u201cetkinlik<\/em>\u201d beklentisini kar\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak uzun vadede, hem ceza adaletinin i\u015flerli\u011fi hem de uluslararas\u0131 hukukun korunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir modelin bu oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Olgu Analizi: Hangi yol, hangi bedel?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu \u00fc\u00e7 vaka birlikte okundu\u011funda, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lamalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 dosyalar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 temel yol belirginle\u015fir. Noriega yolu, asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahale ve zorla yakalama ile h\u0131zl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 \u00fcretir; ancak hukuki me\u015fruiyet maliyeti y\u00fcksektir ve uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan istisnai kalmas\u0131 gerekir. Maduro yolu, g\u00f6revdeyken iddianame ve bask\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla ilerler; operasyonel \u00e7izgi a\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, hukuki kriz derinle\u015fir. Hern\u00e1ndez yolu ise, g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 iade ve yarg\u0131lama \u00fczerinden ilerler; en az tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 fakat en yava\u015f yoldur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma, \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan teorik ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Ceza sorumlulu\u011fu her \u00fc\u00e7 vakada da tart\u0131\u015fma d\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r; tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olan, y\u00f6ntemdir. Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda y\u00f6ntem, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sonucun kendisinden daha belirleyici h\u00e2le gelir. Uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelede \u201cba\u015far\u0131<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemi, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun temel ilkeleriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, elde edilen ceza muhakemesi sonucu bile tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir me\u015fruiyet zeminine oturur.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Hukuku Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan De\u011ferlendirme: TCK md. 13<\/span><\/h2>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, \u00f6nceki k\u0131s\u0131mlarda kurulan uluslararas\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi T\u00fcrk ceza hukuku perspektifinden ele almaktad\u0131r. Merkezde yer alan norm TCK m. 13\u2019t\u00fcr. Ama\u00e7, maddenin uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ne t\u00fcr bir yarg\u0131lama yetkisi \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; bu yetkinin hangi ko\u015fullarda fiilen i\u015fletilebilece\u011fini; ve \u00f6zellikle devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 gibi y\u00fcksek profilli bir fail senaryosunda hukuki-olgu uyumsuzluklar\u0131n\u0131n nerede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 derinlikli bi\u00e7imde analiz etmektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn sistematik konumu: \u00dclkeselli\u011fin istisnas\u0131 m\u0131, evrenselli\u011fe yakla\u015f\u0131m m\u0131?<\/span><\/h4>\n

T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda temel ilke \u00fclkeselliktir. Buna g\u00f6re su\u00e7 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015flenmi\u015fse T\u00fcrk kanunlar\u0131 uygulan\u0131r; yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015flenen su\u00e7larda ise kural olarak yabanc\u0131 devletin yarg\u0131 yetkisi devrededir. TCK<\/a> m. 13, bu temel kural\u0131n bilin\u00e7li ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir istisnas\u0131d\u0131r. Kanun koyucu, baz\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131n niteli\u011fi gere\u011fi yaln\u0131zca i\u015flendi\u011fi \u00fclkeyi de\u011fil, uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeni ve devletlerin ortak menfaatlerini ilgilendirdi\u011fini kabul ederek, failin vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n T\u00fcrk kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n (TCK<\/a> m. 188 ve 190) m. 13\/1-e bendinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a say\u0131lmas\u0131, bu istisnan\u0131n tesad\u00fcf\u00ee olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Burada kanun koyucu, uyu\u015fturucu imal ve ticaretini \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan, sistemik ve k\u00fcresel etkili<\/em>\u201d bir su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlar. Bu tan\u0131m, TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fc klasik evrensellik ilkesinden ay\u0131r\u0131r: T\u00fcrk hukuku, t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar gibi \u201cher yerde her zaman yarg\u0131lama\u201d iddias\u0131nda de\u011fildir; ancak uyu\u015fturucu gibi belirli su\u00e7larda evrenselli\u011fe yakla\u015fan bir yetki kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n teorik sonucu \u015fudur: Yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede, yabanc\u0131 bir ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenen uyu\u015fturucu imal ve ticareti fiili, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunun ilgi alan\u0131na girebilir. Ancak bu, otomatik ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir yarg\u0131lama yetkisi anlam\u0131na gelmez; maddenin devam\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmler ve ceza muhakemesinin fiil\u00ee ko\u015fullar\u0131 bu yetkiyi filtreler.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cVatanda\u015f veya yabanc\u0131\u201d ibaresinin anlam\u0131: Fail ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kopar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

TCK<\/a> m. 13\u2019\u00fcn dikkat \u00e7ekici y\u00f6nlerinden biri, fail bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir ba\u011f \u015fart\u0131 aramamas\u0131d\u0131r. Metinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cvatanda\u015f veya yabanc\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan<\/em>\u201d denilerek, klasik ki\u015fisellik ilkesi bilin\u00e7li bi\u00e7imde d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tercih, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r: Failin T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131, su\u00e7un T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ilgilendirip ilgilendirmedi\u011fini belirlemede yeterli bir kriter de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak bu geni\u015f ifade, uygulamada s\u0131k\u00e7a yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlan\u0131r. \u201cFail yabanc\u0131 da olsa T\u00fcrk kanunlar\u0131 uygulan\u0131r<\/em>\u201d c\u00fcmlesi, her yabanc\u0131 failin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yarg\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde anla\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Burada \u201cuygulan\u0131r\u201d ifadesi, normatif yetkiyi tan\u0131mlar; fiil\u00ee muhakeme ise ba\u015fka ko\u015fullara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ceza muhakemesi, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 veya T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin san\u0131k \u00fczerinde hukuki\/fiil\u00ee tasarruf imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Bu ayr\u0131m, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 senaryosunda belirleyici h\u00e2le gelir.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCK m. 13\/2: Adalet Bakan\u0131 talebi ve \u201csiyasal filtre\u201d i\u015flevi<\/span><\/h4>\n

Maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131, TCK<\/a> m. 13\u2019\u00fcn en kritik ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ihmal edilen unsurudur. Kanun koyucu, m. 13 kapsam\u0131na giren baz\u0131 su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 Adalet Bakan\u0131n\u0131n talebine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenleme, ceza hukukunda nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir a\u00e7\u0131k \u201csiyasal filtre<\/em>\u201d mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>Bu filtre iki i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Birinci i\u015flev, d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler ve uluslararas\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerle uyum sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015flenen ve yabanc\u0131 ki\u015fileri ilgilendiren su\u00e7larda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yarg\u0131lama ba\u015flatmas\u0131, fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi devletle diplomatik gerilim do\u011furabilir. Kanun koyucu, bu t\u00fcr dosyalar\u0131n otomatik bi\u00e7imde yarg\u0131ya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istememi\u015f; y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ\u0131na bir denge mekanizmas\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci i\u015flev ise, ceza siyasetinin rasyonelle\u015ftirilmesidir. TCK<\/a> m. 13 kapsam\u0131ndaki her su\u00e7, T\u00fcrkiye bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta pratik sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmayabilir; bu nedenle hangi dosyan\u0131n yarg\u0131lamaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi, merkezi bir de\u011ferlendirmeye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 senaryosunda bu filtre hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. G\u00f6revdeki bir yabanc\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015flenen uyu\u015fturucu fiilleri nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de soru\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca hukuki de\u011fil, y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluklu siyasi bir karar olur. TCK<\/a> m. 13\/2, bu t\u00fcr dosyalar\u0131n do\u011frudan savc\u0131l\u0131k inisiyatifiyle ilerlemesini engelleyen bilin\u00e7li bir tercihtir.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCK m. 13\/3 ve yabanc\u0131 yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131: \u201cne bis in idem\u201d gerilimi<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra, belirli su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede mahk\u00fbmiyet veya beraat karar\u0131 verilmi\u015f olsa dahi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeniden yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131labilece\u011fini d\u00fczenler. Her ne kadar uyu\u015fturucu bentleri do\u011frudan bu f\u0131krada say\u0131lmasa da, TCK<\/a> m. 13\u2019\u00fcn genel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Kanun koyucu, baz\u0131 su\u00e7larda yabanc\u0131 yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131 mutlak ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6rmemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, teorik olarak \u015fu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirir: Yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede, \u00f6zellikle \u201cetkin olmayan<\/em>\u201d veya \u201csiyasi sebeplerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/em>\u201d bir yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, T\u00fcrkiye bu karar\u0131 yeterli g\u00f6rmeyip kendi yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatabilir mi? Burada uluslararas\u0131 \u201cne bis in idem<\/em>\u201d ilkesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 devreye girer. T\u00fcrk hukukunda bu ilkenin uluslararas\u0131 boyutta mutlak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ve su\u00e7un niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 dosyas\u0131nda bu tart\u0131\u015fma daha da karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015f\u0131r. Zira yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede verilen karar, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cyarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmamas\u0131<\/em>\u201d veya \u201csoru\u015fturman\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde olur. Bu durumda TCK<\/a> m. 13\u2019\u00fcn sundu\u011fu normatif yetki, teorik olarak yeniden yarg\u0131lama kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 aralayabilir; ancak bu kap\u0131n\u0131n fiilen a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131, yine operasyonel ve diplomatik ger\u00e7ekliklere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Olgu analizi: TCK m. 13 Noriega-Maduro-Hern\u00e1ndez \u00e7izgisinde nereye oturur?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu noktada TCK<\/a> m. 13\u2019\u00fc, \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ele al\u0131nan \u00fc\u00e7 vaka \u00fczerinden yorumlamak ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 olabilir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Noriega tipi senaryo, T\u00fcrkiye bak\u0131m\u0131ndan teorik olarak \u015fu sonucu do\u011furur: E\u011fer yabanc\u0131 bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 veya fiil\u00ee lider, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 nedeniyle T\u00fcrk yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n eline fiilen ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, TCK<\/a> m. 13 yarg\u0131lama yetkisi i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir normatif zemin sunard\u0131. Ancak Noriega \u00f6rne\u011fi, bu \u201cfiil\u00ee ele ge\u00e7irme<\/em>\u201dnin nas\u0131l sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusunu da beraberinde getirir. T\u00fcrk hukukunda TCK m. 13, yarg\u0131lama yetkisi verir; yabanc\u0131 devlet topra\u011f\u0131nda asker\u00ee veya kolluk operasyonu yapma yetkisi vermez. Bu nedenle Noriega yolu, TCK m. 13 ile uyumlu bir yarg\u0131lama sonucuna ula\u015fsa bile, T\u00fcrk hukukunun benimsedi\u011fi y\u00f6ntem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmez.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maduro tipi senaryo, TCK<\/a> m. 13\u2019\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 daha net g\u00f6sterir. G\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu iddias\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de soru\u015fturma ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131, teorik olarak m. 13 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ancak ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunmamas\u0131 ve Adalet Bakan\u0131 talebi \u015fart\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, bu yetki fiilen donuk h\u00e2le gelir. T\u00fcrkiye, b\u00f6yle bir dosyada en fazla yakalama karar\u0131, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 b\u00fclten talebi veya adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma giri\u015fimleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kal\u0131r. Operasyonel zor kullanma, TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir yol de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hern\u00e1ndez tipi senaryo ise TCK m. 13 ile en uyumlu modeldir. G\u00f6rev sona ermi\u015f, ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k kalkm\u0131\u015f, san\u0131k iade yoluyla elde edilmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda TCK m. 13, hem normatif hem fiil\u00ee olarak i\u015flerlik kazan\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lama yetkisi ile y\u00f6ntem aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7eli\u015fki do\u011fmaz; hukuki maliyet minimumda kal\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn operasyonel sessizli\u011fi: Bilin\u00e7li bir bo\u015fluk mu?<\/span><\/h4>\n

TCK m. 13 dikkatle okundu\u011funda, nas\u0131l yakalanaca\u011f\u0131na, nas\u0131l getirilece\u011fine veya hangi g\u00fc\u00e7 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair hi\u00e7bir h\u00fck\u00fcm i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu sessizlik, bir eksiklik de\u011fil, bilin\u00e7li bir tercihtir. T\u00fcrk ceza hukuku, yarg\u0131lama yetkisini geni\u015fletirken, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun operasyonel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal edecek bir kap\u0131 a\u00e7mak istememi\u015ftir. <\/span>Bu nedenle TCK<\/a> m. 13\u2019\u00fc, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye isterse her yerde uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131 yakalar<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde okumak, normu amac\u0131ndan koparmakt\u0131r. Do\u011fru okuma \u015fudur: T\u00fcrkiye, belirli a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7larda yarg\u0131lama kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k tutar; ancak bu kap\u0131ya getirilecek san\u0131\u011f\u0131n hangi me\u015fru y\u00f6ntemlerle getirilece\u011fi sorusunu, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun genel kurallar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCK m. 13 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ama ihtiyatl\u0131 bir yetkidir<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonunda \u015fu sonu\u00e7lar netle\u015fir. TCK<\/a> m. 13, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk ceza kanunu uygulamas\u0131na ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc geni\u015f bir yarg\u0131lama yetkisi tan\u0131r. Bu yetki, failin yabanc\u0131 olmas\u0131 veya su\u00e7un yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015flenmi\u015f olmas\u0131yla ortadan kalkmaz. Ancak bu geni\u015flik, siyasi filtre, dokunulmazl\u0131k rejimi ve operasyonel s\u0131n\u0131rlar ile dengelenmi\u015ftir. Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, TCK m. 13 pratikte \u201chemen yarg\u0131lama<\/em>\u201d de\u011fil, daha \u00e7ok hukuki pozisyon alma, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi zeminini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme ve g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemleri hedefleme i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. <\/span>Bu tespit, yaz\u0131n\u0131n genel sonucuna do\u011fru ilerlerken kritik bir e\u015fik olu\u015fturur: T\u00fcrk hukuku, uyu\u015fturucu ile m\u00fccadelede iddial\u0131 bir normatif duru\u015f sergiler; ancak bu duru\u015f, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgilerini zorlayan operasyonel y\u00f6ntemlerle de\u011fil, yarg\u0131sal me\u015fruiyet ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00fczerinden anlam kazan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

ABD \u0130\u00e7 Hukuku ile Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 De\u011ferlendirme<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, T\u00fcrk hukukunda TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kurdu\u011fu \u201cgeni\u015f yarg\u0131lama yetkisi<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, ABD\u2019nin uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi extraterritorial<\/em> (\u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na uzanan) ceza yetkisi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ekseni iki normdur: (i) 21 U.S.C. \u00a7 959 (ABD\u2019ye yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ithal amac\u0131yla \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda imal\/da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m), (ii) 21 U.S.C. \u00a7 960a (narco-terrorism \/ ter\u00f6r ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu faaliyeti). Ard\u0131ndan, bu geni\u015f yetkinin \u201cy\u00f6ntem\u201d boyutunda nas\u0131l tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir alana kayabildi\u011fini; \u00f6zellikle zorla ka\u00e7\u0131rma (abduction) ve Ker\u2013Frisbie \u00e7izgisi \u00fczerinden ABD i\u00e7 hukukunda yarg\u0131laman\u0131n nas\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebildi\u011fini inceler.<\/span><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin extraterritorial yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

ABD ceza hukukunda extraterritorial uygulama, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cABD\u2019ye y\u00f6nelik somut ba\u011flant<\/em>\u0131\u201d (nexus) \u00fczerinden gerek\u00e7elendirilir. Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131nda bu nexus genellikle \u201cABD\u2019ye ithal edilecek\/ABD pazar\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen<\/em>\u201d faaliyet \u015feklinde kurulur. 21 U.S.C. \u00a7 959<\/a>, \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda imal veya da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan kontrol edilen maddeler (ve belirli kimyasallar) bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, failin ABD\u2019ye (veya ABD karasular\u0131na yak\u0131n sulara) yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ithal edilece\u011fini bilmesi ya da buna makul sebep bulunmas\u0131 gibi unsurlarla su\u00e7 tipini tan\u0131mlar. Stat\u00fcn\u00fcn metni ve US Code a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, bu normun a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde \u201cABD d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki imal\/da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m fiillerine ula\u015fmak \u00fczere<\/em>\u201d kurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u00a7 959<\/a>, TCK m. 13\u2019e benzer bir geni\u015flik sergiler; ancak temel fark \u015fudur: TCK m. 13, belirli su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cfail ve yer<\/em>\u201d \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u0131\u015flayarak evrenselli\u011fe yakla\u015fan bir yetki tan\u0131rken, \u00a7 959 genellikle ABD\u2019ye ithal amac\u0131\/\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerinden \u201cABD menfaati ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u201d kurar. Yani ABD, \u201cher yerdeki uyu\u015fturucu<\/em>\u201dyu de\u011fil, \u201cABD\u2019ye y\u00f6nelen<\/em>\u201d uyu\u015fturucu \u00fcretim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyerek yetkisini geni\u015fletir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ABD\u2019nin ceza siyasetinde stratejik bir mant\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131r: Su\u00e7un faili \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olabilir; ancak su\u00e7un hedefi (ABD piyasas\u0131) ve etkisi (ABD\u2019de zarar) bir \u201chukuki ba\u011f<\/em>\u201d yarat\u0131r. Kongre Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Servisi\u2019nin extraterritorial ceza hukuku \u00f6zetleri<\/a> de \u00a7 959\u2019u, ABD\u2019ye ithal ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden d\u0131\u015fa ta\u015fan yetkinin \u00f6rnek normlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sayar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

21 U.S.C. \u00a7 959\u2019un pratik i\u015flevi: \u201c\u0130thal ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131\u201d ve delillendirme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a7 <\/span><\/a>959\u2019un uygulanabilirli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iki pratik mesele \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Birincisi, savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cABD\u2019ye ithal edilecekti<\/em>\u201d ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l kurdu\u011fudur. Bu ba\u011f, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ileti\u015fim kay\u0131tlar\u0131, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i beyanlar\u0131, sevkiyat planlar\u0131, finansal izler veya sevkiyat rotalar\u0131yla ispatlan\u0131r. \u0130kincisi ise, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ABD\u2019de bulunmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde davan\u0131n nas\u0131l ilerleyece\u011fidir. ABD\u2019de \u00e7o\u011fu zaman iddianame d\u00fczenlenir; fakat san\u0131k yakalan\u0131p ABD yarg\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcne getirilene kadar dava fiilen \u201cbekleme<\/em>\u201d konumunda kalabilir. Bu noktada, ABD\u2019nin iade mekanizmalar\u0131, INTERPOL bildirimleri ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelerde yakalama imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 devreye girer. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken kritik nokta, \u00a7 959<\/a>\u2019un yarg\u0131lama yetkisi verdi\u011fi; san\u0131\u011f\u0131 elde etme y\u00f6ntemlerinin ise ayr\u0131 hukuk\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu olabildi\u011fidir (a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca \u00a7 959<\/a>, 2015 tarihli Transnational Drug Trafficking Act ile g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f ve kapsam\u0131\/ifadesi geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir; GovInfo ve Kongre raporlar\u0131<\/a> bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin metnini ve gerek\u00e7esini g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

21 U.S.C. \u00a7 960a: \u201cNarco-terrorism\u201d normu ve kriminal politika mesaj\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

ABD\u2019nin \u201cnarco-terrorism<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n normatif \u00e7ekirde\u011fi 21 U.S.C. \u00a7 960a\u2019d\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenleme, ter\u00f6r ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 belirli \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu faaliyetini ayr\u0131 bir a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7 kategorisi olarak ele al\u0131r. US Code metni, \u00a7 960a\u2019n\u0131n \u201cter\u00f6r ki\u015fileri ve gruplar\u0131 \/ter\u00f6r persons and groups<\/em>\u201d ba\u011flam\u0131nda, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7 faaliyeti ile ter\u00f6r ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 dosyada kurgulayan bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sundu\u011funu ortaya koyar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu normun iki i\u015flevi vard\u0131r. Birincisi, ceza hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan nitelik de\u011fi\u015fimi yarat\u0131r: Uyu\u015fturucu art\u0131k sadece \u201corganized crime<\/em>\u201d de\u011fil, \u201cter\u00f6r finansman\u0131 veya ter\u00f6r ama\u00e7l\u0131 faaliyet<\/em>\u201d ile eklemlenmi\u015f bir g\u00fcvenlik tehdidi olarak tasnif edilir. ABD Sentencing Commission\u2019\u0131n \u00a7 960a\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc ayr\u0131 bir k\u0131lavuz (2D1.14 \u2013 Narco-Terrorism<\/a>) olu\u015fturmas\u0131, normun s\u0131radan uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir kategori olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc teyit eder. \u0130kincisi, d\u0131\u015f politika ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla uyumlu bir \u201chukuki dil<\/em>\u201d \u00fcretir: Ter\u00f6r ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131, sadece mahkeme salonunda de\u011fil, yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar, \u00f6d\u00fcl programlar\u0131 ve diplomatik bask\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evelerinde de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir retorik ve strateji sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu noktada \u015fu ayr\u0131m, yaz\u0131n\u0131n ana temas\u0131na do\u011frudan ba\u011flan\u0131r: \u00a7 960a, ABD i\u00e7 hukukunda su\u00e7 politikas\u0131n\u0131 sertle\u015ftirir ve baz\u0131 dosyalara \u201cg\u00fcvenlik<\/em>\u201d etiketi kazand\u0131r\u0131r; fakat bu etiket, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya egemenlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kendili\u011finden ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, \u201cnarco-terrorism<\/em>\u201d su\u00e7lamas\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 alanda operasyonel me\u015fruiyet \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan bir s\u00f6ylem olsa bile, me\u015fruiyet testinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri (r\u0131za, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa, BM \u015eart\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesi) ayr\u0131 bir rejimde durur.<\/span><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin \u201cMaduro 2020\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fc dosyalar\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz strateji<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uygulamada ABD, g\u00f6revdeki liderler veya ula\u015f\u0131lamayan \u00fcst d\u00fczey akt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u015fu basamakl\u0131 stratejiyi i\u015fletir: \u00d6nce iddianame ve su\u00e7lama teorisi kurulur; ard\u0131ndan \u00f6d\u00fcl ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m gibi ara\u00e7larla bask\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclke yakalamalar\u0131yla \u201ccustody<\/em>\u201d ihtimali aran\u0131r. Bu strateji, \u201ccezai i\u015fbirli\u011fi modeli<\/em>\u201d ile tamamen ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir; ancak h\u00e2len asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ziyade \u201chukuk\u00ee ve idari bask\u0131<\/em>\u201d ara\u00e7lar\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n hukuki avantaj\u0131, y\u00f6ntem tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede tutmas\u0131d\u0131r. Zira iddianame d\u00fczenlemek, tek ba\u015f\u0131na ba\u015fka bir devlet topra\u011f\u0131nda kuvvet kullanmay\u0131 gerektirmez. Dezavantaj\u0131 ise, g\u00f6revdeki liderlere kar\u015f\u0131 dokunulmazl\u0131k ve egemenlik engelleri nedeniyle sonuca ula\u015fman\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u201csonuca ula\u015fma bask\u0131s\u0131<\/em>\u201d, kimi dosyalarda y\u00f6ntemi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 alanlara itebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Y\u00f6ntem sorunu<\/span><\/h4>\n

ABD ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmada en kritik ba\u015fl\u0131k, yakalama y\u00f6nteminin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen yarg\u0131laman\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. ABD Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi\u2019nin United States v. Alvarez-Machain<\/a> (1992) karar\u0131, bu \u00e7izginin modern referans\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkeme, bir san\u0131\u011f\u0131n iade anla\u015fmas\u0131 bulunan bir \u00fclkeden zorla ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131larak ABD\u2019ye getirilmesinin, ABD mahkemelerinin yarg\u0131lama yetkisini ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu i\u00e7tihat, kamuoyunda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cABD istedi\u011fini ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131r, yarg\u0131lar<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde yanl\u0131\u015f bir genellemeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Oysa do\u011fru okuma \u015fu ayr\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7erir:\u00a0<\/span>Birincisi, Alvarez-Machain bir i\u00e7 hukuk yarg\u0131 yetkisi meselesidir. Mahkeme, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcne getirili\u015f bi\u00e7iminin yarg\u0131lama yetkisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmedi\u011fini s\u00f6yler; bu, eylemin uluslararas\u0131 hukuka uygun oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u0130kincisi, devlet sorumlulu\u011fu ve diplomatik sonu\u00e7lar ayr\u0131 d\u00fczlemde kal\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ve yaz\u0131m\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemlisi: Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u201coperasyonel y\u00f6ntem<\/em>\u201d ile \u201cceza muhakemesi sonucu<\/em>\u201d aras\u0131ndaki kopu\u015fu b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr. Y\u00f6ntem hukuken sorunlu olsa bile, yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir; fakat bu s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, me\u015fruiyet tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaz – aksine derinle\u015ftirir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu noktada ABD\u2019nin \u201cKer\u2013Frisbie<\/a>\u201d doktriniyle ifade edilen geleneksel \u00e7izgisi (mahkeme yetkisi, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n nas\u0131l getirildi\u011finden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r) ile uluslararas\u0131 hukukun egemenlik ve dokunulmazl\u0131k rejimleri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131sal bir gerilim oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Alvarez-Machain karar\u0131 da, daha eski Ker \u00e7izgisini modern ba\u011flamda yeniden \u00fcretmektedir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk hukuku ile fark<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n T\u00fcrk hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi, sadece \u201cABD\u2019nin yetkisi geni\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yetkisi geni\u015f<\/em>\u201d gibi y\u00fczeysel bir tespitte de\u011fildir. As\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan, iki sistemin geni\u015f yetkiyi hangi mimariyle dengeledi\u011fidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de TCK m. 13, belirli su\u00e7larda yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na uzanan yetki kurar; ancak m. 13\/2\u2019de Adalet Bakan\u0131 talebi gibi bir filtre \u00f6ng\u00f6rerek, y\u00fcksek siyasi etkili dosyalar\u0131n otomatik bi\u00e7imde yarg\u0131ya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar. ABD\u2019de ise bu t\u00fcr filtreler normatif metinden ziyade pratikte (d\u0131\u015f politika\/Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdiri\/i\u015fbirli\u011fi) \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; fakat yarg\u0131 i\u00e7tihad\u0131, y\u00f6ntem tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u201cyarg\u0131 yetkisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyen<\/em>\u201d bir unsur olarak ele alabilir. Bu, operasyonel y\u00f6ntem ile ceza muhakemesinin \u201csonucu<\/em>\u201d aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu iddialar\u0131nda ABD yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u201cyarg\u0131lama yetkisini geni\u015flet + yakalama f\u0131rsat\u0131 do\u011farsa yarg\u0131la<\/em>\u201d hatt\u0131nda keskinle\u015febilir. T\u00fcrkiye yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ise, \u201cyetki a\u00e7\u0131k, fakat siyasi filtre ve uluslararas\u0131 me\u015fruiyet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirleyici<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde daha ihtiyatl\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc verir. Her iki sistemde de sonu\u00e7, fiilen san\u0131\u011f\u0131n elde edilebilirli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; ancak ABD i\u00e7tihad\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6ntemden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131lama e\u011filimi, uluslararas\u0131 hukukla gerilimi daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNarco-terrorism\u201d s\u00f6ylemi\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a7 960a ve \u201cnarco-terrorism<\/em>\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, ABD\u2019nin uyu\u015fturucu dosyalar\u0131na g\u00fcvenlik dili kazand\u0131r\u0131r ve baz\u0131 durumlarda uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyunda \u201chakl\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>\u201d alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi hedefler. Ancak bu s\u00f6ylem, kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131, r\u0131za ve dokunulmazl\u0131k gibi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 hukuk\u00ee olarak ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00a7 959\u2019un extraterritorial kapsam\u0131, ABD\u2019ye ithal ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden yarg\u0131lama yetkisi kurar; fakat bu yetki, yabanc\u0131 topraklarda tek tarafl\u0131 zor kullanma hakk\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmez. Alvarez-Machain \u00e7izgisi ise, y\u00f6ntem tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u201cyarg\u0131lama engeli<\/em>\u201d olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karabilir; ama uluslararas\u0131 hukuktaki me\u015fruiyet tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kapatmaz – aksine b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 net sonu\u00e7 \u015fudur: ABD\u2019nin uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131nda extraterritorial yetki mimarisi, TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn \u201cevrenselli\u011fe yakla\u015fan<\/em>\u201d yetkisine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 bir ba\u011flant\u0131 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur; \u201cnarco-terrorism<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ise dosyay\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Fakat hangi model se\u00e7ilirse se\u00e7ilsin, y\u00f6ntem sorunu (r\u0131za, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa, abduction) \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeden, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 dosyas\u0131nda hukuki me\u015fruiyet tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kapanmaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu ticareti iddialar\u0131n\u0131n hangi hukuki rejimlerin kesi\u015fiminde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu rejimlerin operasyonel y\u00f6ntemler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda nerelerde gerilim \u00fcretti\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn amac\u0131, bu \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye bak\u0131m\u0131ndan somut \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek; \u00f6zellikle TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda nas\u0131l okunmas\u0131 ve nas\u0131l uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini netle\u015ftirmektir. Bu netle\u015ftirme, yaln\u0131zca teorik bir akademik sonu\u00e7 de\u011fil; savc\u0131l\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 adli i\u015fbirli\u011fi pratikleri ve y\u00fcksek profilli dosyalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek hukuki ve siyasal risklerin y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da belirleyicidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn do\u011fru konumland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

TCK m. 13, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc geni\u015f bir yarg\u0131lama yetkisi tan\u0131r. Ancak bu geni\u015flik, normun yanl\u0131\u015f okunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerindeki uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131lar<\/em>\u201d gibi hukuken savunulamaz bir iddiaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma boyunca g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi \u00fczere, do\u011fru okuma \u015fudur: TCK m. 13, uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lama kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k tutar; fakat bu kap\u0131n\u0131n ne zaman, hangi ko\u015fullarda ve hangi y\u00f6ntemlerle i\u015fletilece\u011fi, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun genel ilkeleri ve maddenin kendi i\u00e7 filtreleriyle belirlenir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn fonksiyonu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u201coperasyonel serbestlik<\/em>\u201d tan\u0131mak de\u011fildir. Norm, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi yarg\u0131sal i\u015fbirli\u011fi sisteminin aktif bir akt\u00f6r\u00fc h\u00e2line getirir; fakat yabanc\u0131 devletlerin egemenli\u011fini ihlal edecek veya kuvvet kullanma yasa\u011f\u0131na tak\u0131lacak ad\u0131mlar i\u00e7in bir dayanak olu\u015fturmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla m. 13\u2019\u00fcn do\u011fru konumland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ama ihtiyatl\u0131<\/em>\u201d bir yetki anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Me\u015fru i\u015fbirli\u011fi yollar\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131nda TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn pratik de\u011fer \u00fcretebilmesi, me\u015fru i\u015fbirli\u011fi yollar\u0131n\u0131n etkin bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu yollar, ceza muhakemesinin klasik ama uluslararas\u0131 boyutta g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ade talepleri, adli yard\u0131mla\u015fma mekanizmalar\u0131, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dondurulmas\u0131 ve m\u00fcsaderesi, kontroll\u00fc teslimat ve bilgi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131; m. 13\u2019\u00fcn normatif g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc fiil\u00ee sonuca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren ba\u015fl\u0131ca ara\u00e7lard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 veya \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticiler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6nemi daha da artar. Zira bu dosyalarda h\u0131zl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 beklentisi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i de\u011fildir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, delil toplama, mali izlerin izlenmesi ve g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 d\u00f6neme haz\u0131rl\u0131k gibi ad\u0131mlar, uzun vadede hukuki me\u015fruiyeti y\u00fcksek sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretir. Hern\u00e1ndez \u00f6rne\u011fi, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n pratikte nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: TCK m. 13, \u201chemen yarg\u0131lama<\/em>\u201ddan ziyade \u201chukuki pozisyon alma ve bekleme<\/em>\u201d stratejisini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgiler<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri, TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn operasyonel sessizli\u011finin bilin\u00e7li bir tercih oldu\u011fudur. Kanun koyucu, yarg\u0131lama yetkisini geni\u015fletirken, yabanc\u0131 topraklarda zor kullanma, s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan kolluk operasyonlar\u0131 veya zorla yakalama\/transfer (abduction) gibi y\u00f6ntemler i\u00e7in herhangi bir me\u015fruiyet \u00fcretmemi\u015ftir. Bu sessizlik, doldurulmas\u0131 gereken bir bo\u015fluk de\u011fil; doldurulmamas\u0131 gereken bir aland\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle T\u00fcrkiye bak\u0131m\u0131ndan baz\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgiler nettir. Bir yabanc\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla yakalanmas\u0131 veya \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, ev sahibi devletin a\u00e7\u0131k r\u0131zas\u0131 veya uluslararas\u0131 hukukun istisnai me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa \u015fartlar\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. TCK m. 13, b\u00f6yle bir y\u00f6ntemi hukuken gerek\u00e7elendiremez. Aksi y\u00f6nde bir yorum, yaln\u0131zca ceza muhakemesini de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 sorumlulu\u011funu ve diplomatik konumunu da riske atar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dokunulmazl\u0131k ve zaman fakt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/span><\/h4>\n

Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 dosyas\u0131nda TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn etkinli\u011fi, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman zaman fakt\u00f6r\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6revdeki bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ki\u015fisel dokunulmazl\u0131k, yarg\u0131lama yetkisinin fiilen kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Bu engel, normatif olarak m. 13\u2019\u00fc ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lmaz; ancak uygulamay\u0131 ask\u0131ya al\u0131r. Bu nedenle T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in rasyonel strateji, g\u00f6revdeki liderler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan m. 13\u2019\u00fc \u201cask\u0131da bir yetki<\/em>\u201d olarak g\u00f6rmek; g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ise bu yetkiyi etkinle\u015ftirmektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u201ccezas\u0131zl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmez. Aksine, ceza adaletinin zamana yay\u0131lan ama me\u015fru bi\u00e7imde i\u015fletilmesi anlam\u0131na gelir. G\u00f6rev sonras\u0131 iade ve yarg\u0131lama, hem uluslararas\u0131 hukukla uyumlu hem de uzun vadede daha az tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar \u00fcretir. TCK m. 13, bu strateji i\u00e7in normatif bir g\u00fcvence sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n

ABD ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmadan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ders<\/span><\/h4>\n

ABD\u2019nin extraterritorial uyu\u015fturucu yetkisi ve \u201cnarco-terrorism<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta TCK m. 13\u2019ten daha \u201cagresif<\/em>\u201d bir model sunar. Ancak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bu agresifli\u011fin y\u00f6ntem sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmedi\u011fini, aksine daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. ABD i\u00e7 hukukunda yarg\u0131laman\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa bile, zorla yakalama veya s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan operasyonlar uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r tart\u0131\u015fmalar do\u011furur.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m \u015fudur: TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn de\u011feri, ABD benzeri bir \u201csonu\u00e7 odakl\u0131<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131ma \u00f6yk\u00fcnmesinde de\u011fil; me\u015fruiyet odakl\u0131 bir ceza siyaseti in\u015fa etmesindedir. Yetki geni\u015fli\u011fi, y\u00f6ntem me\u015fruiyetiyle desteklenmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, k\u0131sa vadeli ba\u015far\u0131lar uzun vadeli hukuki maliyetlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Risk analizi: TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n do\u011furabilece\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar<\/span><\/h4>\n

TCK m. 13\u2019\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yorumlanmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr risk \u00fcretir. Birinci risk, hukuki risktir: Uluslararas\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle elde edilen san\u0131k veya deliller, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n me\u015fruiyetini zedeler ve uluslararas\u0131 sorumluluk iddialar\u0131n\u0131 tetikler. \u0130kinci risk, diplomatik risktir: Yabanc\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 hedef alan agresif ad\u0131mlar, ikili ili\u015fkilerde ciddi krizler yaratabilir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc risk ise kurumsal risktir: Ceza adaletinin siyasal ama\u00e7larla ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131s\u0131, yarg\u0131ya olan g\u00fcveni zay\u0131flat\u0131r. <\/span>Bu riskler, m. 13\u2019\u00fcn tamamen at\u0131l b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Tam tersine, normun do\u011fru ba\u011flamda ve do\u011fru zamanda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. TCK m. 13, aceleci operasyonlar\u0131n de\u011fil; uzun soluklu ve hukuken sa\u011flam dosyalar\u0131n normatif dayana\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pratik \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar: uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar neyi hat\u0131rlamal\u0131?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n pratik de\u011feri, soyut ilkeleri somut hat\u0131rlatmalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesindedir. Uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 temel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. Uyu\u015fturucu su\u00e7lar\u0131nda TCK m. 13, savc\u0131lara ve hukuk\u00e7ulara geni\u015f bir hukuki perspektif sunar; ancak bu perspektif, operasyonel bir \u201cyetki listesi<\/em>\u201d de\u011fildir. Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 veya \u00fcst d\u00fczey yetkililer s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, her ad\u0131mda dokunulmazl\u0131k, egemenlik ve uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi sorular\u0131 birlikte sorulmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cYarg\u0131layabilir miyiz?<\/em>\u201d sorusu kadar, \u201cnas\u0131l ve ne zaman yarg\u0131layabiliriz?<\/em>\u201d sorusu da belirleyicidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n nihai \u00f6zet sonucu \u015fudur: Uyu\u015fturucu ticaretiyle m\u00fccadele, devletler i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir hedeftir; ancak bu hedef, hukuki me\u015fruiyet pahas\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011finde kal\u0131c\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131 \u00fcretmez. TCK m. 13, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bu m\u00fccadelede g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir normatif ara\u00e7 sunar; fakat bu ara\u00e7, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgileri i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anlam kazan\u0131r. Devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 dosyas\u0131nda as\u0131l s\u0131nav, \u201cyakalayabilir miyiz?<\/em>\u201d sorusu de\u011fil; \u201chukuku zedelemeden adaleti nas\u0131l tesis ederiz?<\/em>\u201d sorusudur. Bu soruya verilen cevap, hem ceza hukukunun hem de uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin gelece\u011fini belirler.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a9 2025\u00a0Prof. Dr. Vahit B\u0131\u00e7ak<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/a>\u00a0– T\u00fcm haklar\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu makale, say\u0131n\u00a0Prof. Dr. Vahit B\u0131\u00e7ak<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan www.bicakhukuk.com<\/a> sitesinde yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaynak g\u00f6sterilse dahi makalenin tamam\u0131 \u00f6zel izin al\u0131nmadan kullan\u0131lamaz. Ancak al\u0131nt\u0131lanan makalenin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, aktif link verilerek kullan\u0131labilir. Yazar\u0131 ve kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmeden k\u0131smen ya da tamamen yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 \u015fahsi haklara ve fikri haklara ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil eder.<\/span><\/p>\n

Referans: B\u0131\u00e7ak, Vahit (2025) \u201cUyu\u015fturucu ile M\u00fccadelede S\u0131n\u0131r A\u015fan Ceza Yetkisi: TCK m. 13, ABD Uygulamas\u0131 ve G\u00fcncel Vakalar\u201d, B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu Blogu, https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/devlet-baskanlari-hakkinda-uyusturucu-ticareti-iddialari\/<\/a>, Prgf . __., Eri\u015fim Tarihi: \u2026,<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cMaduro Olay\u0131\u201d: Egemenlik ve Devlet Ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 \u00dczerinden Hukuki Bir Stres Testi S\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi ceza hukuku ile devletler hukuku kesi\u015fiminde baz\u0131 olaylar vard\u0131r ki, art\u0131k do\u011frulu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir iddia olman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek, hukuk d\u00fczenlerinin \u201ck\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgilerini\u201d somut ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar. Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicol\u00e1s Maduro\u2019nun asker\u00ee nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan bir operasyon sonucunda yakalanarak ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":30336,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[740,793],"tags":[23177,23184,23185,23186,23183,23179,23187,23207,23200,23178,23210,23181,23166,23157,23192,23194,23176,23162,23161,23168,23205,23180,23171,23191,23188,23167,23170,23174,23462,23459,23464,23461,23468,23460,23466,23467,23190,23175,23160,23159,23465,23189,23206,23172,23199,23163,23196,23164,23169,23193,23204,23197,23208,23202,13913,23156,23158,23209,23182,23201,23203,23212,23211,23195,23463,23198,23165,23458],"class_list":["post-30335","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-hukuku","category-gorusler","tag-1988-viyana-sozlesmesi-uyusturucu","tag-21-usc-959","tag-21-usc-960a","tag-abd-narco-terrorism-yaklasimi","tag-abd-uyusturucu-suclari-hukuku","tag-adli-yardimlasma-uyusturucu","tag-alvarez-machain-karari","tag-amerikan-adaleti","tag-ceza-muhakemesinde-mesruiyet","tag-cezai-isbirligi-uyusturucu-suclari","tag-cilia-flores","tag-controlled-delivery-uyusturucu","tag-devlet-baskani-dokunulmazligi","tag-devlet-baskani-uyusturucu-suclamasi","tag-devlet-baskani-yargilanmasi","tag-devlet-baskanlarina-karsi-ceza-yetkisi","tag-devlet-egemenligi-ilkesi","tag-evrensel-yargilama-yetkisi","tag-extraterritorial-ceza-yetkisi","tag-gorevsel-dokunulmazlik-ratione-materiae","tag-honduras-juan-orlando-hernandez","tag-iade-uyusturucu-suclari","tag-interpol-red-notice","tag-juan-orlando-hernandez-davasi","tag-ker-frisbie-doktrini","tag-kisisel-dokunulmazlik-ratione-personae","tag-kirmizi-bulten-uyusturucu-sucu","tag-kuvvet-kullanma-yasagi","tag-maduro-davasi","tag-maduro-dosyasi","tag-maduro-iddianame","tag-maduro-iddianamesi","tag-maduro-kara-para-aklama","tag-maduro-olayi","tag-maduro-suc-orgutu-kurma-yonetme","tag-maduro-teror-orgutlerine-destek-saglama","tag-maduro-uyusturucu-iddialari","tag-mesru-mudafaa-uyusturucu","tag-narco-terorizm-sucu","tag-narco-terrorism","tag-narco-terrorism-sucu","tag-noriega-uyusturucu-davasi","tag-panama-manuel-noriega","tag-sinir-asan-kolluk-faaliyeti","tag-sinir-asan-suclar-hukuku","tag-tck-13-uyusturucu-suclari","tag-turk-ceza-hukukunda-evrensellik","tag-turk-ceza-kanunu-13-madde","tag-uluslararasi-arrest-warrant","tag-uluslararasi-ceza-hukuku-uyusturucu","tag-uluslararasi-ceza-mahkemesi","tag-uluslararasi-ceza-sorusturmasi","tag-uluslararasi-hukuk-maduro","tag-uluslararasi-hukukta-zor-kullanma","tag-uluslararasi-uyusturucu-ticareti","tag-uyusturucu-imal-ve-ticareti-sucu","tag-uyusturucu-kacakciligi-uluslararasi-hukuk","tag-uyusturucu-kartellerine-destek","tag-uyusturucu-suclarinda-iade","tag-uyusturucu-suclarinda-operasyonel-sinirlar","tag-venezuela-devlet-baskani","tag-venezuela-devlet-baskani-nicolas-maduro","tag-venezuela-operasyonu-hukuki-mi","tag-yabanci-ulkede-islenen-suclar","tag-yargilama-sanik-maduro","tag-yuksek-profilli-uyusturucu-davalari","tag-yurt-disinda-islenen-uyusturucu-sucu","tag-zorla-yakalama"],"yoast_head":"\nDevlet 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Ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131, do\u011fru bilgiye h\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015fimdir. M\u00fcvekkil ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 tam ve eksiksiz tan\u0131mlayarak y\u00fcksek standartlarda, kaliteli, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7 odakl\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 benimsemi\u015f bulunuyoruz. G\u00fcvenilirlik, itibar, etik de\u011ferler ve kalite standartlar\u0131 gibi unsurlar, vazge\u00e7ilmezlerimiz olu\u015fturur.","legalName":"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk","foundingDate":"2002-01-01","numberOfEmployees":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","minValue":"1","maxValue":"10"},"address":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/devlet-baskanlari-hakkinda-uyusturucu-ticareti-iddialari\/#local-main-place-address"},"geo":{"@type":"GeoCoordinates","latitude":"39.90985903589262","longitude":"32.81218744448808"},"telephone":["0 (312) 473 39 60","0 (553) 223 32 90"],"openingHoursSpecification":[{"@type":"OpeningHoursSpecification","dayOfWeek":["Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"opens":"08:00","closes":"18:00"},{"@type":"OpeningHoursSpecification","dayOfWeek":["Sunday"],"opens":"00:00","closes":"00:00"}],"email":"iletisim@bicakhukuk.com","faxNumber":"0 (312) 473 39 62","areaServed":"Hukuk"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/3ffbc31864ec806febdc7f57e5eae117","name":"Admin","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com"],"url":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/author\/vahit-bicak\/"},{"@type":"PostalAddress","@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/devlet-baskanlari-hakkinda-uyusturucu-ticareti-iddialari\/#local-main-place-address","streetAddress":"Next Level Loft Ofis, Kat 9-10, Daire 29, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak Mahallesi, Ufuk \u00dcniversitesi Caddesi S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00f6z\u00fc \/ \u00c7ankaya","addressLocality":"Ankara","postalCode":"06530","addressCountry":"TR"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/devlet-baskanlari-hakkinda-uyusturucu-ticareti-iddialari\/#local-main-organization-logo","url":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/bicak_hukuk_logo_kare.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/bicak_hukuk_logo_kare.png","width":2000,"height":2000,"caption":"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk | T\u00fcrkiye Merkezli Global Hukuk Firmas\u0131"}]},"geo.placename":"Ankara","geo.position":{"lat":"39.90985903589262","long":"32.81218744448808"},"geo.region":"Turquie"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30335","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30335"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30335\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30335"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30335"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}