{"id":30203,"date":"2025-12-26T13:57:19","date_gmt":"2025-12-26T10:57:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=30203"},"modified":"2025-12-27T01:22:36","modified_gmt":"2025-12-26T22:22:36","slug":"hakaret-sucu-onodeme-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/hakaret-sucu-onodeme-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu\/","title":{"rendered":"Hakaret Su\u00e7u, \u00d6n\u00f6deme ve \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"408\" data-end=\"841\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza hukuku, bireyin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine en a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahale eden hukuk alan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle modern hukuk sistemlerinde ceza tehdidine ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131, ancak zorunlu, son \u00e7are ve orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde me\u015fru kabul edilmektedir. Buna ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r uygulamada olan hakaret su\u00e7u, bu temel ilkelere uygunlu\u011fu en fazla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken su\u00e7 tiplerinden biri olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"1396\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle do\u011frudan temas h\u00e2lindedir. Sert, rahats\u0131z edici, k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 veya incitici s\u00f6zler, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kamusal tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, hukuki savunman\u0131n, siyasal ele\u015ftirinin ya da toplumsal muhalefetin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Ceza hukuku tehdidinin bu alanda s\u00fcrekli ve kolayl\u0131kla devreye sokulmas\u0131 ise, yaln\u0131zca bireylerin onurunu korumakla kalmamakta; ayn\u0131 zamanda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve bast\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yaratmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeni bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ciddi bir sorun alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1398\" data-end=\"1869\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan yasal de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, kanun koyucunun da bu gerilimi fark etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Kamuoyunda \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2025\/12\/20251225-33.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/em><\/a>\u201d olarak bilinen d\u00fczenlemelerle birlikte, hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, ceza hukukunun bu alandan k\u0131smen geri \u00e7ekilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olumlu bir ad\u0131m olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. \u00d6n\u00f6deme, devletin cezaland\u0131rma yetkisinden vazge\u00e7ti\u011fini ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesini kabul etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"2301\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ancak bu ad\u0131m, yeterli de\u011fildir. Hakaret fiilinin h\u00e2len \u201c<em>su\u00e7<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131, ceza tehdidinin potansiyel olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi ve bireyin ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na muhatap olma riskinin devam etmesi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Oysa \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan as\u0131l tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken mesele, hakaretin hangi usul rejimine tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil; hakaretin ceza hukuku alan\u0131nda yer almas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2len gerekli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2303\" data-end=\"2725\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu yaz\u0131da savunulan temel yakla\u015f\u0131m \u015fudur: Hakaret, ceza hukukunun konusu olmaktan, yan\u0131 su\u00e7 olmaktan, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131; ki\u015filik hakk\u0131 ihlali olarak medeni hukuk ve haks\u0131z fiil rejimi i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6n\u00f6deme d\u00fczenlemesi, bu y\u00f6nde at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011fru fakat ge\u00e7ici bir ara ad\u0131md\u0131r. Kal\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ise, hakaretin su\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ki\u015filik haklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dengenin ceza tehdidi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede yaz\u0131da; hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza hukuku i\u00e7indeki konumu, \u00f6n\u00f6deme kurumunun anlam\u0131, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2025\/12\/20251225-33.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/a> ile getirilen de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ve anayasal denetimin ortaya koydu\u011fu yap\u0131sal sorunlar ele al\u0131nacak; nihai olarak hakaretin ceza hukukundan medeni hukuka ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi savunulacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Tarihsel ve Teorik Konum<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"314\" data-end=\"737\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaretin ceza hukuku kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmesi, modern ceza hukukunun de\u011fil; b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde otorite merkezli, onur temelli ve hiyerar\u015fik toplum yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Tarihsel olarak hakaret, bireyin soyut ki\u015filik de\u011ferlerinden ziyade, toplumsal stat\u00fcs\u00fcne, onuruna ve \u00f6zellikle kamusal sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f; bu nedenle devletin cezaland\u0131rma yetkisiyle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"800\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Tarihsel Arka Plan: Onurun Devlet Taraf\u0131ndan Korunmas\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"1282\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Klasik ceza hukuku sistemlerinde \u201c<em>onur<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131, bireysel bir ki\u015filik hakk\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok, toplumsal d\u00fczenin ve hiyerar\u015finin bir unsuru olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle hakaret fiilleri, yaln\u0131zca ma\u011fdurun de\u011fil, dolayl\u0131 olarak toplumsal bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve kamusal otoritenin ihlali \u015feklinde de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle kamu g\u00f6revlilerine, y\u00f6neticilere veya belirli sosyal gruplara y\u00f6nelik hakaretlerin daha a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara ba\u011flanmas\u0131, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1284\" data-end=\"1497\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu anlay\u0131\u015f, uzun s\u00fcre ceza hukukunun temel varsay\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak birey merkezli hak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte, hakaretin bu tarihsel konumu giderek sorgulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1499\" data-end=\"1561\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Modern Ceza Hukuku A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Hakaretin Sorunlu Niteli\u011fi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1563\" data-end=\"1748\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Modern ceza hukuku, zarar ilkesi, son \u00e7are (<em>ultima ratio<\/em>) ilkesi ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k prensibi \u00fczerine kuruludur. Bu ilkeler uyar\u0131nca, bir fiilin su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilmesi i\u00e7in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1752\" data-end=\"1807\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Topluma y\u00f6nelik ciddi ve somut bir zarar do\u011furmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1888\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza hukuku d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda etkili bi\u00e7imde korunamayan bir hukuki de\u011feri ihlal etmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"1956\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Daha hafif hukuk\u00ee ara\u00e7larla giderilemeyecek bir tehlike yaratmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1958\" data-end=\"1972\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">gerekmektedir. Hakaret fiili bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, ceza hukukunun alan\u0131na zorunlu olarak d\u00e2hil edilmesi gereken bir davran\u0131\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmamaktad\u0131r. Zira hakaret:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2164\" data-end=\"2192\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Fiziksel bir zarar do\u011furmaz,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2195\" data-end=\"2234\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fini do\u011frudan tehdit etmez,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2299\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Toplumsal d\u00fczeni bozucu etkisi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman dolayl\u0131 ve soyuttur,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2302\" data-end=\"2379\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ki\u015fisel alg\u0131, ba\u011flam ve ifade bi\u00e7imi ile \u015fekillenir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2381\" data-end=\"2496\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu y\u00f6nleriyle hakaret, ceza hukukunun tipik konusu olan \u015fiddet, tehlike veya a\u011f\u0131r zarar fiillerinden ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2498\" data-end=\"2539\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret &#8211; \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Gerilimi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2541\" data-end=\"2904\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza hukukundaki en problemli y\u00f6n\u00fc, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yaln\u0131zca \u201c<em>zarars\u0131z<\/em>\u201d veya \u201c<em>ho\u015f<\/em>\u201d ifadeleri de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda rahats\u0131z edici, sert, k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve \u015foke edici ifadeleri de kapsar. Demokratik bir toplumda kamusal tart\u0131\u015fma, ele\u015ftiri ve muhalefet tam da bu t\u00fcr ifadeler \u00fczerinden geli\u015fir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2906\" data-end=\"3292\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza tehdidi alt\u0131nda kalan ifade ise, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hi\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Bu durum, ceza hukukunun fiil\u00ee sonucunun yaln\u0131zca \u201c<em>hakareti cezaland\u0131rmak<\/em>\u201d de\u011fil, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bast\u0131rmak olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. \u00d6zellikle sosyal medya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, geni\u015f kitlelere hitap eden her ele\u015ftirel s\u00f6ylemin potansiyel bir ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilmesi, bu cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkinin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 daha da art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3294\" data-end=\"3349\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza Hukukundan Medeni Hukuka Ge\u00e7i\u015f Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3351\" data-end=\"3576\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu nedenlerle, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 hukukta uzun s\u00fcredir hakaretin ceza hukuku alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 veya ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n istisnai h\u00e2le getirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir e\u011filim bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok hukuk sisteminde hakaret, esasen:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3580\" data-end=\"3605\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ki\u015filik hakk\u0131 ihlali,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3608\" data-end=\"3625\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Manevi zarar,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3628\" data-end=\"3643\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Haks\u0131z fiil<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3645\" data-end=\"3766\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nmakta; devletin rol\u00fc cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil, dengeleyici ve telafi edici bir nitelik kazanmaktad\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda ama\u00e7, ma\u011fdurun onurunu korurken ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bast\u0131rmamak; \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ceza tehdidiyle de\u011fil, hukuk\u00ee denge ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6zmektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza Kanunundaki Mevcut Yap\u0131: Diriye Hakaret &#8211; \u00d6l\u00fcye Hakaret\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"827\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/MevzuatMetin\/1.5.5237.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a>\u2019nda hakaret, tek bir su\u00e7 tipi olarak de\u011fil; farkl\u0131 ma\u011fdur stat\u00fclerine ve farkl\u0131 korunmak istenen hukuki de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda Kanun koyucu, ya\u015fayan ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelen hakaret ile \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn hat\u0131ras\u0131na y\u00f6nelen hakareti ayr\u0131 maddelerde ele alm\u0131\u015f; b\u00f6ylece hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza hukuku i\u00e7indeki konumunu daha da karma\u015f\u0131k bir h\u00e2le getirmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"886\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Diriye Hakaret: TCK m. 125 ve Korunan Hukuki De\u011fer<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"888\" data-end=\"1205\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/MevzuatMetin\/1.5.5237.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m. 125\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen hakaret su\u00e7u, ya\u015fayan bir ki\u015finin onur, \u015feref ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Maddede hakaret, \u201c<em>somut bir fiil veya olgu isnad\u0131<\/em>\u201d ya da \u201c<em>s\u00f6vme<\/em>\u201d bi\u00e7iminde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f; fiilin hangi ara\u00e7larla i\u015flendi\u011fine, aleniyetine ve ma\u011fdurun stat\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 nitelikli h\u00e2ller \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00fczenlemede dikkat \u00e7eken husus, korunan hukuki de\u011ferin tamamen s\u00fcbjektif ve soyut nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Onur ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131k, ki\u015fiden ki\u015fiye de\u011fi\u015fen; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, sosyal ve ba\u011flamsal unsurlara son derece a\u00e7\u0131k kavramlard\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen bu de\u011ferlerin ihlali, do\u011frudan ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1505\" data-end=\"1818\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6zellikle ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131nda sorunlu olan nokta, hakaretin ele\u015ftiri, sert ifade ve rahats\u0131z edici s\u00f6ylem ile aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n son derece belirsiz olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu belirsizlik, uygulamada ceza soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesine ve ceza tehdidinin cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir ara\u00e7 h\u00e2line gelmesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"1881\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6l\u00fcye Hakaret: TCK m. 130<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1883\" data-end=\"2122\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6l\u00fcye hakaret su\u00e7u ise <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/MevzuatMetin\/1.5.5237.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m. 130\u2019da d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve sistematik olarak diriye hakaretten ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta teknik bir tercih gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, ceza hukukunun temel ilkeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi sorular\u0131 beraberinde getirmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2124\" data-end=\"2286\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6l\u00fc, art\u0131k hak ehliyetine sahip de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla TCK m. 130\u2019da korunan hukuki de\u011fer, do\u011frudan \u00f6len ki\u015finin ki\u015filik haklar\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kanun koyucu burada:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2290\" data-end=\"2314\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6lenin hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2317\" data-end=\"2355\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n manevi duygular\u0131n\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2358\" data-end=\"2397\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Toplumsal sayg\u0131 ve ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2399\" data-end=\"2438\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">dolayl\u0131 olarak korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, ceza hukukunun birey merkezli yap\u0131s\u0131yla tam olarak \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmemektedir. Zira fiilin do\u011frudan ma\u011fduru olmayan bir \u201c<em>de\u011fer<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131na ceza tehdidine ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131, hakaret su\u00e7unun zaten tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olan me\u015fruiyetini daha da zay\u0131flatmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2680\" data-end=\"2751\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Diri &#8211; \u00d6l\u00fc Ayr\u0131m\u0131 \u00dczerinden Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan Sistematik Tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2753\" data-end=\"2974\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Diriye ve \u00f6l\u00fcye hakaretin ayr\u0131 maddelerde d\u00fczenlenmesi, y\u00fczeysel olarak sistematik bir netlik sa\u011fl\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, derinlemesine incelendi\u011finde ceza hukukunun koruma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2976\" data-end=\"3296\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bir tarafta, ya\u015fayan bir bireyin onurunun ceza tehdidiyle korunmas\u0131; di\u011fer tarafta art\u0131k hukuki ki\u015fili\u011fi bulunmayan bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131n yine ceza tehdidiyle korunmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ceza hukukunun asli fonksiyonunun somut toplumsal zararlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki modern anlay\u0131\u015fla \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3298\" data-end=\"3659\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ayr\u0131ca uygulamada, \u00f6l\u00fcye y\u00f6nelik sert tarihsel ele\u015ftiriler, akademik de\u011ferlendirmeler veya kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n dahi ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131na konu olabilmesi, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilmektedir. Bu durum, hakaret su\u00e7unun yaln\u0131zca bireysel onuru de\u011fil, kamusal tart\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131 da s\u0131n\u0131rlayan bir ara\u00e7 h\u00e2line geldi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3661\" data-end=\"3729\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Mevcut Yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6n\u00f6deme ve Reform Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00d6nemi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3731\" data-end=\"4048\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret su\u00e7unun hem diriye hem de \u00f6l\u00fcye ili\u015fkin bi\u00e7imde ceza hukuku i\u00e7inde tutulmas\u0131, \u00f6n\u00f6deme gibi yumu\u015fat\u0131c\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131n neden g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011fini de a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Kanun koyucu, bu su\u00e7 tipini tamamen sistem d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmak yerine, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n etkilerini azaltacak ara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretme yoluna gitmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4050\" data-end=\"4297\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, hakaretin ceza hukuku i\u00e7indeki temel varl\u0131k nedenini sorgulamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. \u00d6n\u00f6deme, ge\u00e7ici bir rahatlama sa\u011flasa da, su\u00e7un kendisine y\u00f6neltilen teorik ve anayasal ele\u015ftirileri ortadan kald\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"4050\" data-end=\"4297\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sistematik Tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4050\" data-end=\"4297\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret su\u00e7unun diriye ve \u00f6l\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenmesi, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nda ayr\u0131 maddelerde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olsa da, her iki su\u00e7 tipinde de korunan hukuki de\u011fer ayn\u0131d\u0131r: ki\u015finin &#8211; diri ya da \u00f6l\u00fc &#8211; \u015feref ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/yargi-paketi-tbmmde-kabul-edildi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/a> ile yaln\u0131zca diriye kar\u015f\u0131 hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 hakaret su\u00e7unun ise bu kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, ceza hukuku sistemati\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi bir tutars\u0131zl\u0131k yaratmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yer alan, ayn\u0131 hukuki de\u011feri koruyan ve benzer nitelikteki fiiller aras\u0131nda usul rejimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n, nesnel ve makul bir gerek\u00e7eye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme Kurumu: Hukuki Niteli\u011fi\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"352\" data-end=\"696\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme kurumu, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda klasik yarg\u0131lama mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan, kovu\u015fturman\u0131n mecburili\u011fi ilkesini s\u0131n\u0131rlayan istisnai mekanizmalardan biridir. Bu kurum, yaln\u0131zca bir usul kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak de\u011fil; ceza hukukunun hangi fiilleri ger\u00e7ekten \u201c<em>cezaland\u0131rmaya de\u011fer<\/em>\u201d g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair normatif bir tercih olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"698\" data-end=\"751\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6demenin Kavramsal \u00c7er\u00e7evesi ve Temel \u0130\u015flevi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"973\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme, belirli su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan failin, kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen parasal miktar\u0131 s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde \u00f6demesi h\u00e2linde kamu davas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f davan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucunu do\u011furan bir kurumdur. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u00f6n\u00f6deme:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"977\" data-end=\"1019\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Su\u00e7 i\u015flendi\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaz,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1022\" data-end=\"1073\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Failin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 fiilini \u201c<em>me\u015fru<\/em>\u201d h\u00e2le getirmez,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1136\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ancak devletin cezaland\u0131rma iddias\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1268\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6n\u00f6deme, maddi ceza hukuku ile ceza muhakemesi hukukunun kesi\u015fim noktas\u0131nda yer alan karma nitelikli bir kurumdur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1340\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme ve Kovu\u015fturman\u0131n Mecburili\u011fi \u0130lkesine Getirilen \u0130stisna<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1571\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrk ceza muhakemesi sistemi, kural olarak kovu\u015fturman\u0131n mecburili\u011fi ilkesini benimser. Yani su\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesinin yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi h\u00e2linde devletin ceza davas\u0131 a\u00e7ma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u00d6n\u00f6deme ise bu ilkenin a\u00e7\u0131k bir istisnas\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Bu istisna, ceza hukukunun \u015fu temel soruyu sormaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir:\u00a0<em data-start=\"1650\" data-end=\"1723\">Her hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 fiil, mutlaka ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na m\u0131 konu edilmelidir?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1934\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme, devletin \u015fu kabul\u00fcyle anlam kazan\u0131r: Baz\u0131 fiiller vard\u0131r ki, bunlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lama yapmak, mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 vermek ve ceza infaz etmek, toplumsal fayda a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zorunlu de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1936\" data-end=\"1993\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme Kurumunun Ceza Politikas\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Anlam\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1995\" data-end=\"2143\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6demenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ceza hukukunun son \u00e7are (<em>ultima ratio<\/em>) olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki modern anlay\u0131\u015fla do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir. Bu kurum sayesinde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2147\" data-end=\"2181\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Mahkemelerin i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc azalt\u0131lmakta,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2184\" data-end=\"2251\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Fail, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n stigmatize edici etkilerinden korunmakta,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2254\" data-end=\"2332\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Devlet, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 cezaland\u0131rma kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 daha a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lara y\u00f6nlendirmektedir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2334\" data-end=\"2461\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu noktada \u00f6n\u00f6deme, cezan\u0131n ahlaki ve toplumsal me\u015fruiyetinin zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlarda devreye sokulan bir dengeleme arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2463\" data-end=\"2516\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret Su\u00e7u Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00d6n\u00f6demenin \u00d6zel Anlam\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2518\" data-end=\"2693\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, teknik bir d\u00fczenlemeden \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu tercih, kanun koyucunun \u00f6rt\u00fck olarak \u015fu tespiti yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir: Hakaret fiilleri, her durumda klasik ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 ve ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecek a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta de\u011fildir. Bu kabul son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Zira hakaret su\u00e7u, uzun y\u0131llar boyunca ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma h\u00e2linde olan, soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma say\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ceza sistemini ciddi bi\u00e7imde me\u015fgul eden bir su\u00e7 tipi olmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3029\" data-end=\"3289\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme ile birlikte devlet, hakaret fiilini i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiyle cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil, parasal ve idari nitelikte bir ili\u015fki kurmay\u0131 tercih etmektedir. Bu tercih, hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza hukuku i\u00e7indeki konumunun a\u015famal\u0131 olarak zay\u0131flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3291\" data-end=\"3339\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6demenin S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve Yap\u0131sal Sorunlar\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3341\" data-end=\"3469\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Her ne kadar \u00f6n\u00f6deme, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n sertli\u011fini azaltan bir mekanizma olsa da, yap\u0131sal bir \u00e7eli\u015fki bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3473\" data-end=\"3511\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Fiil h\u00e2len \u201c<em>su\u00e7<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmakta,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3514\" data-end=\"3557\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Fail h\u00e2len ceza tehdidi alt\u0131nda tutulmakta,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3560\" data-end=\"3607\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sadece bu tehdidin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 yumu\u015fat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3609\" data-end=\"3689\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu durum, \u00f6zellikle hakaret su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u015fu soruyu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz h\u00e2le getirir: Ceza tehdidi gereksiz g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa, neden su\u00e7 tan\u0131m\u0131 muhafaza edilmektedir?\u00a0\u00d6n\u00f6deme, bu soruya do\u011frudan cevap vermemekte; yaln\u0131zca sistemi ge\u00e7ici olarak rahatlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3868\" data-end=\"3927\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">De\u011ferlendirme: \u00d6n\u00f6deme Bir \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm m\u00fc, Ge\u00e7i\u015f Arac\u0131 m\u0131?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3929\" data-end=\"4194\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme kurumu, hakaret su\u00e7u ba\u011flam\u0131nda nihai bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fil, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bir ge\u00e7i\u015f mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ceza hukukunun, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle s\u00fcrekli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan bu alan\u0131 tamamen sistem d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmak yerine, ad\u0131m ad\u0131m yumu\u015fatma yolunu tercih etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu nedenle \u00f6n\u00f6deme, hakaret su\u00e7unun gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u015fu mesaj\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r: Ceza hukukunun bu alandaki geri \u00e7ekili\u015fi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak hen\u00fcz tamamlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketiyle Hakaret Su\u00e7unun \u00d6n\u00f6deme Kapsam\u0131na Al\u0131nmas\u0131\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/yargi-paketi-tbmmde-kabul-edildi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/a> olarak kamuoyuna yans\u0131yan ve 24 Aral\u0131k 2025 tarihinde kabul edilerek y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren yasal d\u00fczenleme, hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza hukukundaki konumuna ili\u015fkin uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden tart\u0131\u015fmalarda kritik bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu paketle birlikte hakaret su\u00e7unun belirli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylece devletin bu fiillere y\u00f6nelik cezaland\u0131rma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131sal olarak yumu\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"906\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">D\u00fczenlemenin Normatif Anlam\u0131: Ceza Politikas\u0131nda Sessiz Bir Geri \u00c7ekili\u015f<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"1225\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, salt teknik bir muhakeme de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olarak okunamaz. Bu tercih, kanun koyucunun \u015fu temel kabul\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r: Hakaret fiilleri, \u00e7o\u011fu durumda klasik ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131, mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131n\u0131 ve ceza infaz\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lacak a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta toplumsal zarar \u00fcretmemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1227\" data-end=\"1472\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu kabul, ceza hukukunun \u201c<em>son \u00e7are<\/em>\u201d olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine ili\u015fkin evrensel ilkeyle uyumludur. Devlet, hakaret su\u00e7unu tamamen sistem d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmamakla birlikte, cezaland\u0131rma iddias\u0131n\u0131 geri plana itmi\u015f, yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 zorunlu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1474\" data-end=\"1531\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Anayasa Mahkemesi Karar\u0131n\u0131n Ortaya Koydu\u011fu \u00c7er\u00e7eve<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1533\" data-end=\"1794\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Anayasa Mahkemesi, <a href=\"https:\/\/normkararlarbilgibankasi.anayasa.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">27 Mart 2025 tarihli ve E.2024\/197, K.2025\/86<\/a> say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda, hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeleri e\u015fitlik ilkesi ve su\u00e7ta &#8211; cezada kanunilik ba\u011flam\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde incelemi\u015ftir. Mahkeme \u00f6zellikle \u015fu iki noktaya a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir:<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1860\" data-end=\"2113\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Birincisi, hakaret su\u00e7unun farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri aras\u0131nda &#8211; korunan hukuki de\u011fer, fiilin niteli\u011fi ve ceza tehdidi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan &#8211; nesnel ve makul bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00f6n\u00f6deme rejiminin par\u00e7al\u0131 bi\u00e7imde uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fitlik ilkesini ihlal edece\u011fidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2115\" data-end=\"2449\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0130kincisi, \u00f6n\u00f6deme ve uzla\u015ft\u0131rma gibi alternatif \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131n\u0131n, sadece usul hukuku ara\u00e7lar\u0131 de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda maddi ceza hukukuna etki eden, fail lehine sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan kurumlar oldu\u011fudur. Bu nedenle, lehe d\u00fczenlemelerin ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle etkisiz k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 38. maddesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda kabul edilemez bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2451\" data-end=\"2642\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu tespitler, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/yargi-paketi-tbmmde-kabul-edildi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/a>\u2019nin yaln\u0131zca bir reform paketi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken bir ceza politikas\u0131 tercihi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2451\" data-end=\"2642\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Anayasa Mahkemesi her ne kadar karar\u0131nda do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 hakaret su\u00e7unu inceleme konusu yapmam\u0131\u015f olsa da, benzer fiiller aras\u0131nda \u00f6n\u00f6deme rejimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n nesnel ve makul bir gerek\u00e7eye dayanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine ili\u015fkin tespitleri, \u00f6l\u00fcye hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da anayasal a\u00e7\u0131dan tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00e2le getirmektedir. Mahkemenin ortaya koydu\u011fu e\u015fitlik ve kanunilik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n ileride yap\u0131lacak bir anayasal denetimde sorunlu bulunabilece\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2644\" data-end=\"2706\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret Su\u00e7unun \u00d6n\u00f6deme Kapsam\u0131na Al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi ile at\u0131lan ad\u0131m, \u00f6nemli olmakla birlikte yar\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015f bir reformdur. Zira d\u00fczenleme:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2817\" data-end=\"2865\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret fiilini h\u00e2len \u201c<em>su\u00e7<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamakta,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2868\" data-end=\"2917\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza tehdidini normatif d\u00fczeyde muhafaza etmekte,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2920\" data-end=\"2977\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sadece bu tehdidin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 istisnaya ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2979\" data-end=\"3261\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu durum, Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131nda da dolayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, normatif tutarl\u0131l\u0131k sorununu beraberinde getirmektedir. E\u011fer bir fiil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyorsa, bu fiilin neden h\u00e2len ceza hukuku alan\u0131nda tutuldu\u011fu sorusu cevaps\u0131z kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3318\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme Tercihinin Hakaret Su\u00e7una \u0130li\u015fkin Mesaj\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/yargi-paketi-tbmmde-kabul-edildi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/a> ve Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin de\u011ferlendirmeleri birlikte okundu\u011funda, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan tablo nettir: Devlet, hakaret su\u00e7unu ceza hukukunun merkezinden \u00e7evresine do\u011fru itmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3514\" data-end=\"3752\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu, ani bir su\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karma (<em>dekriminalizasyon<\/em>) de\u011fil; kademeli bir geri \u00e7ekili\u015f stratejisidir. \u00d6n\u00f6deme, bu stratejinin ge\u00e7i\u015f arac\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin nihai dura\u011f\u0131, hakaret fiilinin ceza hukuku alan\u0131ndan tamamen \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3754\" data-end=\"3803\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">De\u011ferlendirme: Reform mu, Ge\u00e7i\u015f S\u00fcreci mi?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/yargi-paketi-tbmmde-kabul-edildi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/a> ile yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenleme, hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin ceza politikas\u0131nda olumlu bir y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini temsil etmektedir. Ancak bu y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, hen\u00fcz tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir reform de\u011fildir. Aksine, Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131n\u0131n da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00fczere, mevcut sistem anayasal gerilimler \u00fcretmeye devam etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4134\" data-end=\"4345\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu nedenle \u00f6n\u00f6deme d\u00fczenlemesi, hakaret su\u00e7unun gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan nihai \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fil, anayasal ve demokratik hukuk devleti ilkeleri do\u011frultusunda ilerlemesi gereken bir ge\u00e7i\u015f a\u015famas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">De\u011ferlendirme ve Normatif Ele\u015ftiri<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"378\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret Su\u00e7unun Su\u00e7 Olmaktan \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 Gere\u011fi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/yargi-paketi-tbmmde-kabul-edildi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/a> ile hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve bunu takiben verilen Anayasa Mahkemesi <a href=\"https:\/\/normkararlarbilgibankasi.anayasa.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2024\/197, K.2025\/86<\/a> say\u0131l\u0131 karar birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda art\u0131k g\u00f6rmezden gelinemeyecek bir ger\u00e7ek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r: hakaret su\u00e7u, ceza hukukunun asli alan\u0131na ait de\u011fildir. Bu tespit, yaln\u0131zca teorik bir ceza hukuku tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 de\u011fil; do\u011frudan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, hukuk devleti ve cezan\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti ile ilgili normatif bir zorunluluktur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"885\" data-end=\"938\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza Hukukunun Me\u015fruiyet Krizi ve Hakaret Su\u00e7u<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"1158\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza hukuku, en a\u011f\u0131r ve en m\u00fcdahaleci hukuk dal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle yaln\u0131zca zorunlu, orant\u0131l\u0131 ve ba\u015fka yollarla korunamayan hukuki de\u011ferler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan devreye girmesi gerekir. Oysa hakaret fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1162\" data-end=\"1204\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Korunan hukuki de\u011fer (\u015feref ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131k),<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1207\" data-end=\"1264\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza tehdidi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da etkili bi\u00e7imde korunabilmektedir,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1267\" data-end=\"1364\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman zarar\u0131 gidermemekte, aksine yeni toplumsal gerilimler \u00fcretmektedir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1366\" data-end=\"1474\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu noktada hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza hukukunda tutulmas\u0131, ultima ratio ilkesinin ihlali anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1476\" data-end=\"1518\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme D\u00fczenlemesi Bir \u201c\u0130tiraf\u201dt\u0131r<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1520\" data-end=\"1688\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, kanun koyucunun a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etmese de fiilen yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kabuld\u00fcr: Bu fiiller i\u00e7in yarg\u0131lama yapmak gerekli de\u011fildir.\u00a0Ancak burada ciddi bir \u00e7eli\u015fki bulunmaktad\u0131r. E\u011fer bir fiil i\u00e7in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1759\" data-end=\"1803\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kamu davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131 kabul edilebiliyorsa,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1806\" data-end=\"1838\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131lamadan vazge\u00e7ilebiliyorsa,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1841\" data-end=\"1895\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Mahk\u00fbmiyetin toplumsal fayda \u00fcretmedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1897\" data-end=\"1966\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">bu fiilin neden h\u00e2len \u201c<em>su\u00e7<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r.\u00a0\u00d6n\u00f6deme, bu anlamda bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fil; geciktirilmi\u015f bir dekriminalizasyonun ara dura\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1897\" data-end=\"1966\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Diriye kar\u015f\u0131 hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00f6l\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 hakaret su\u00e7unun bu kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan e\u015fitlik ilkesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da ciddi sorunlar do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Zira her iki su\u00e7 tipinde korunan hukuki de\u011fer ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde, yaln\u0131zca ma\u011fdurun diri ya da \u00f6l\u00fc olmas\u0131 temelinde farkl\u0131 bir usul rejimi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, nesnel ve makul bir gerek\u00e7eye dayanmamaktad\u0131r. Ceza hukukunda e\u015fitlik ilkesi, benzer hukuki durumlarda benzer sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Bu ba\u011flamda, hakaret su\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan s\u00f6z konusu ayr\u0131m\u0131n anayasal denetime dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2063\" data-end=\"2124\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Anayasa Mahkemesi Karar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130\u015faret Etti\u011fi Normatif Y\u00f6n<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2126\" data-end=\"2305\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Anayasa Mahkemesi, s\u00f6z konusu karar\u0131nda do\u011frudan \u201c<em>hakaret su\u00e7unun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir<\/em>\u201d dememi\u015ftir. Ancak karar\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi, dolayl\u0131 fakat son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir mesaj i\u00e7ermektedir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2412\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaretin farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6n\u00f6deme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ayr\u0131mlar nesnel ve makul de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2415\" data-end=\"2530\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza muhakemesine ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fcnen d\u00fczenlemeler dahi, maddi ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fail lehine sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2533\" data-end=\"2619\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu t\u00fcr d\u00fczenlemeler anayasal e\u015fitlik ve kanunilik ilkeleriyle uyumlu olmak zorundad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2621\" data-end=\"2740\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu gerek\u00e7eler, hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza hukukunda tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n anayasal gerilim \u00fcretmeye devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2742\" data-end=\"2801\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Hukuk ve \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Perspektifi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2803\" data-end=\"2855\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bir\u00e7ok demokratik hukuk devletinde hakaret fiilleri:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2859\" data-end=\"2894\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ya tamamen su\u00e7 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2897\" data-end=\"2953\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ya da son derece dar ve istisnai h\u00e2llere indirgenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2955\" data-end=\"3241\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu \u00fclkelerde \u015feref ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131k, esas olarak medeni hukuk, tazminat, tekzip ve cevap hakk\u0131 gibi ara\u00e7larla korunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece hem ma\u011fdurun zarar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi sa\u011flanmakta hem de ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde ceza tehdidinin cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisi ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk hukukunda ise hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza tehdidi alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan otokontrol ve suskunluk yaratmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeniyle ba\u011fda\u015fmamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3451\" data-end=\"3496\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Olmas\u0131 Gereken Hukuk (<em>De Lege Ferenda<\/em>)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3498\" data-end=\"3537\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Normatif a\u00e7\u0131dan olmas\u0131 gereken a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3541\" data-end=\"3592\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret fiilleri ceza hukuku alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3595\" data-end=\"3657\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu fiiller haks\u0131z fiil rejimi i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3660\" data-end=\"3739\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ma\u011fdurun onuru, tazminat ve ki\u015filik haklar\u0131 yoluyla etkin bi\u00e7imde korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3741\" data-end=\"3926\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ne hakareti me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ne de ma\u011fduru korumas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131r. Aksine, cezan\u0131n sembolik ama y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisini ortadan kald\u0131rarak, daha rasyonel ve orant\u0131l\u0131 bir koruma sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6n\u00f6deme Bir Son De\u011fil, \u0130\u015farettir<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3983\" data-end=\"4188\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na olumlu bir geli\u015fmedir. Ancak bu geli\u015fme, nihai \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fildir. Aksine, ceza hukukunun bu alandan \u00e7ekilmesi gerekti\u011fine dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir i\u015farettir.\u00a0Bug\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00f6deme ile yumu\u015fat\u0131lan sistem, yar\u0131n daha tutarl\u0131 bir hukuk politikas\u0131yla hakaretin ceza hukuku d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde tamamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde, ceza hukuku hem me\u015fruiyetini hem de anayasal tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bu alanda kaybetmeye devam edecektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sonu\u00e7 ve De\u011ferlendirme<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"736\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hakaret su\u00e7u, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda uzun s\u00fcredir ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile cezaland\u0131rma yetkisi aras\u0131ndaki gerilimin en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr oldu\u011fu alanlardan biri olmu\u015ftur. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/yargi-paketi-tbmmde-kabul-edildi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11. Yarg\u0131 Paketi<\/a> ile yap\u0131lan \u00f6n\u00f6deme d\u00fczenlemesi ve bunu izleyen Anayasa Mahkemesi <a href=\"https:\/\/normkararlarbilgibankasi.anayasa.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E.2024\/197, K.2025\/86<\/a> say\u0131l\u0131 karar, bu gerilimin art\u0131k mevcut ara\u00e7larla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez h\u00e2le geldi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"738\" data-end=\"1068\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemeler ve yarg\u0131sal denetim, ceza hukukunun hakaret fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kademeli bir geri \u00e7ekili\u015f s\u00fcrecine girdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6n\u00f6deme kurumu, bu s\u00fcrecin teknik arac\u0131 olmu\u015f; ancak sorunun \u00f6z\u00fcne de\u011fil, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmi\u015ftir. Ceza tehdidi yumu\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, fakat normatif \u00e7eli\u015fki ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1487\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Anayasa Mahkemesi karar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca belirli ibarelerin iptaline ili\u015fkin de\u011fildir. Karar, hakaret su\u00e7unun ceza hukuku i\u00e7indeki konumunun e\u015fitlik, kanunilik ve hukuk devleti ilkeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli bir anayasal sorun \u00fcretti\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle benzer fiiller aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan par\u00e7al\u0131 ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n nesnel ve makul temelden yoksun oldu\u011fu tespiti, mevcut sistemin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1489\" data-end=\"1876\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu noktada \u00f6n\u00f6deme, bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmden ziyade hukuk politikas\u0131na dair bir i\u015faret niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Devlet, fiilen \u015fu kabulde bulunmu\u015ftur: Hakaret fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan klasik ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131, ne gerekli ne de etkilidir. Bu kabul, ister istemez daha ileri bir soruyu g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir:<\/span><br data-start=\"1779\" data-end=\"1782\" \/><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza tehdidine art\u0131k ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmuyorsa, bu fiiller neden h\u00e2len su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r?<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1878\" data-end=\"2250\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Demokratik toplum d\u00fczeni, rahats\u0131z edici, sert ve hatta incitici ifadeleri de tolere edebilme kapasitesiyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u015eeref ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 elbette me\u015frudur; ancak bu koruma, ceza hukukunun a\u011f\u0131r ve damgalay\u0131c\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla sa\u011flanmak zorunda de\u011fildir. Medeni hukuk, tazminat, cevap ve d\u00fczeltme mekanizmalar\u0131, bu alan i\u00e7in hem daha orant\u0131l\u0131 hem de daha etkilidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2651\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sonu\u00e7 olarak, hakaret su\u00e7unun \u00f6n\u00f6deme kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 olumlu fakat eksik bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. Bu ad\u0131m, ceza hukukunun bu alandan tamamen \u00e7ekilmesi gerekti\u011fine dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir y\u00f6nelim i\u00e7ermektedir. Hukuk devleti ilkesine, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve ceza hukukunun son \u00e7are olma niteli\u011fine uygun olan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm; hakaret fiillerinin ceza hukuku alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak medeni hukuk rejimi i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde ceza hukuku, hem anayasal gerilim \u00fcretmeye hem de me\u015fruiyetini bu alanda a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmaya devam edecektir. Bug\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00f6deme ile yumu\u015fat\u0131lan sistem, yar\u0131n daha tutarl\u0131 ve cesur bir reformla tamamlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, sorun ertelenmi\u015f ama \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a9 2025\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/ekibimiz\/avukatlarimiz-2\/vahit-bicak\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof. Dr. Vahit B\u0131\u00e7ak<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/a> &#8211; T\u00fcm haklar\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu makale, say\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/ekibimiz\/avukatlarimiz-2\/vahit-bicak\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof. Dr. Vahit B\u0131\u00e7ak<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.bicakhukuk.com<\/a> sitesinde yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaynak g\u00f6sterilse dahi makalenin tamam\u0131 \u00f6zel izin al\u0131nmadan kullan\u0131lamaz. Ancak al\u0131nt\u0131lanan makalenin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, aktif link verilerek kullan\u0131labilir. Yazar\u0131 ve kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmeden k\u0131smen ya da tamamen yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 \u015fahsi haklara ve fikri haklara ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil eder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Referans: B\u0131\u00e7ak, Vahit (2025) \u201c<span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Ceza Hukukunun S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve Hakaret Su\u00e7u: \u00d6n\u00f6deme Bir \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm m\u00fc, Ge\u00e7i\u015f mi?<\/span>\u201d, B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu Blogu, &lt;https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/hakaret-sucu-onodeme-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu\/&gt;, s. __., Eri\u015fim Tarihi: &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.,<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ceza hukuku, bireyin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine en a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahale eden hukuk alan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle modern hukuk sistemlerinde ceza tehdidine ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131, ancak zorunlu, son \u00e7are ve orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde me\u015fru kabul edilmektedir. Buna ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r uygulamada olan hakaret su\u00e7u, bu temel ilkelere uygunlu\u011fu en fazla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken su\u00e7 tiplerinden biri [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":30204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[740,739,793],"tags":[22338,22342,22343,22371,22349,22365,22339,22363,22374,22351,22359,22355,22376,22373,22346,22350,22368,22337,22332,22341,22364,22360,22348,22362,22378,22356,22372,22366,22333,22375,22334,22354,22377,22353,22340,22369,22370,22367,22347,22358,22357,22335,22361,22344,22345,22336,22352],"class_list":["post-30203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-hukuku","category-gorusler-dusunceler","category-gorusler","tag-11-yargi-paketi-hakaret","tag-anayasa-mahkemesi-hakaret-karari","tag-aym-hakaret-onodeme","tag-ceza-hukuku-yerine-medeni-hukuk","tag-ceza-hukukunda-dekriminalizasyon","tag-ceza-hukukunda-geri-cekilme","tag-ceza-hukukunda-hakaret","tag-ceza-hukukunda-normatif-elestiri","tag-ceza-hukukunun-sinirlari","tag-ceza-hukukunun-son-care-olmasi","tag-ceza-muhakemesinde-onodeme","tag-ceza-tehdidi-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu","tag-ceza-yargilamasi-ve-hakaret","tag-demokratik-toplum-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu","tag-diriye-hakaret-sucu","tag-hakaret-dekriminalizasyon","tag-hakaret-haksiz-fiil","tag-hakaret-onodeme","tag-hakaret-sucu","tag-hakaret-sucu-anayasa","tag-hakaret-sucu-ceza-politikasi","tag-hakaret-sucu-esitlik-ilkesi","tag-hakaret-sucu-reformu","tag-hakaret-sucunda-anayasal-denetim","tag-hakaret-sucunda-anayasal-sorunlar","tag-hakaret-sucunda-onodeme-uygulamasi","tag-hakaret-sucunda-reform-ihtiyaci","tag-hakaret-sucunun-gelecegi","tag-hakaret-sucunun-kaldirilmasi","tag-hakaret-sucunun-mesruiyeti","tag-hakaret-sucunun-suc-olmaktan-cikarilmasi","tag-hakaret-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu","tag-hukuk-devleti-ve-hakaret","tag-ifade-ozgurlugu-ceza-hukuku","tag-ifade-ozgurlugu-ve-hakaret","tag-kisilik-hakki-ihlali-hakaret","tag-manevi-tazminat-hakaret","tag-medeni-hukukta-hakaret","tag-oluye-hakaret-ceza-hukuku","tag-onodeme-dusme-karari","tag-onodeme-kamu-davasi","tag-onodeme-kurumu","tag-sucta-ve-cezada-kanunilik","tag-tck-125-hakaret","tag-tck-130-oluye-hakaret","tag-tck-75-onodeme","tag-ultima-ratio-ilkesi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hakaret Su\u00e7u, \u00d6n\u00f6deme ve \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc | B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hakaret Su\u00e7u \u00d6n\u00f6deme \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Su\u00e7 Ceza S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Ge\u00e7i\u015f Olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karma Hukuk B\u00fcro Avukat Yarg\u0131 Paket \u00f6l\u00fcye diriye uygulama TCK\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/hakaret-sucu-onodeme-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hakaret Su\u00e7u, \u00d6n\u00f6deme ve \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc %\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ceza hukuku, bireyin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine en a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahale eden hukuk alan\u0131d\u0131r. 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G\u00fcvenilirlik, itibar, etik de\u011ferler ve kalite standartlar\u0131 gibi unsurlar, vazge\u00e7ilmezlerimiz olu\u015fturur.","legalName":"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk","foundingDate":"2002-01-01","numberOfEmployees":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","minValue":"1","maxValue":"10"},"address":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/hakaret-sucu-onodeme-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu\/#local-main-place-address"},"geo":{"@type":"GeoCoordinates","latitude":"39.90985903589262","longitude":"32.81218744448808"},"telephone":["0 (312) 473 39 60","0 (553) 223 32 90"],"openingHoursSpecification":[{"@type":"OpeningHoursSpecification","dayOfWeek":["Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"opens":"08:00","closes":"18:00"},{"@type":"OpeningHoursSpecification","dayOfWeek":["Sunday"],"opens":"00:00","closes":"00:00"}],"email":"iletisim@bicakhukuk.com","faxNumber":"0 (312) 473 39 62","areaServed":"Hukuk"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/3ffbc31864ec806febdc7f57e5eae117","name":"Admin","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com"],"url":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/author\/vahit-bicak\/"},{"@type":"PostalAddress","@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/hakaret-sucu-onodeme-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu\/#local-main-place-address","streetAddress":"Next Level Loft Ofis, Kat 9-10, Daire 29, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak Mahallesi, Ufuk \u00dcniversitesi Caddesi S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00f6z\u00fc \/ \u00c7ankaya","addressLocality":"Ankara","postalCode":"06530","addressCountry":"TR"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/hakaret-sucu-onodeme-ve-ifade-ozgurlugu\/#local-main-organization-logo","url":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/bicak_hukuk_logo_kare.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/bicak_hukuk_logo_kare.png","width":2000,"height":2000,"caption":"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk | T\u00fcrkiye Merkezli Global Hukuk Firmas\u0131"}]},"geo.placename":"Ankara","geo.position":{"lat":"39.90985903589262","long":"32.81218744448808"},"geo.region":"Turquie"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30203"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30203\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}