{"id":30105,"date":"2025-12-01T21:58:46","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T18:58:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=30105"},"modified":"2025-12-16T22:30:51","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T19:30:51","slug":"fuhus-mustehcenlik-ve-hayasizca-hareket-suclari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/fuhus-mustehcenlik-ve-hayasizca-hareket-suclari\/","title":{"rendered":"Fuhu\u015f, M\u00fcstehcenlik ve Hayas\u0131zca Hareket Su\u00e7lar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cinsel davran\u0131\u015flara ili\u015fkin ceza hukuku d\u00fczenlemeleri, hukuk uygulamas\u0131nda en s\u0131k yanl\u0131\u015f nitelendirilen su\u00e7 alanlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bunun temel nedeni, bu alandaki fiillerin toplumsal ahlak, ki\u015fisel de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hassasiyetlerle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu<\/a>, cinsel i\u00e7erikli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken ahlaki be\u011feni veya toplumsal rahats\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc esas almaz; belirli hukuki de\u011ferlerin ihlal edilip edilmedi\u011fini, bu ihlalin kanunda tan\u0131ml\u0131 bir su\u00e7 tipine v\u00fccut verip vermedi\u011fini inceler.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede TCK<\/a>\u2019da cinsel davran\u0131\u015flara ili\u015fkin su\u00e7lar tek bir ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f; farkl\u0131 hukuki de\u011ferleri koruyan ayr\u0131 su\u00e7 tipleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.225) genel ahlak ve kamu d\u00fczenini, m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.226) \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal ahlak\u0131, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.134) bireyin mahremiyet alan\u0131n\u0131, fuhu\u015f su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.227) ise cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu su\u00e7 tipleri, konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirine yak\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte, koruduklar\u0131 hukuki menfaatler ve arad\u0131klar\u0131 maddi unsurlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kesin s\u0131n\u0131rlarla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulamada en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorun, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n yeterince g\u00f6zetilmemesi ve cinsel i\u00e7erikli her davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u201cgenel ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>\u201d gibi soyut bir gerek\u00e7eyle yanl\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 tipleri kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesidir. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 ise uzun s\u00fcredir bu e\u011filime kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ve istikrarl\u0131 bir tutum sergilemektedir. Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme, cinsel davran\u0131\u015flara ili\u015fkin su\u00e7larda de\u011ferlendirmeyi s\u00f6ylemler, niyetler veya toplumsal alg\u0131lar \u00fczerinden de\u011fil; do\u011frudan do\u011fruya somut eylem, eylemin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi ki\u015fi veya ki\u015filer, eylemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ortam ve ihlal edilen hukuki de\u011fer \u00fczerinden yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00f6zellikle \u201caleniyet<\/em>\u201d, \u201cr\u0131za<\/em>\u201d, \u201cma\u011fdurun ya\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201d, \u201ci\u00e7erik \u00fcretimi ile fiili davran\u0131\u015f aras\u0131ndaki fark<\/em>\u201d gibi kavramlar\u0131n somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar. Yarg\u0131tay, aleniyetin otomatik olarak kamusal mek\u00e2nla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilemeyece\u011fini; r\u0131zan\u0131n her su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 hukuki sonucu do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu hallerde koruma alan\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fledi\u011fini; i\u00e7erik su\u00e7lar\u0131 ile davran\u0131\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bu hususlar, Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca teorik tespitler olarak de\u011fil, bozma gerek\u00e7eleriyle somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu makale, cinsel i\u00e7erikli su\u00e7lar\u0131 \u201cs\u00f6ylem<\/em>\u201d merkezli de\u011fil, \u201ceylem merkezli<\/em>\u201d bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ele almay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. \u0130nceleme boyunca, TCK<\/a> m.225\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere; m\u00fcstehcenlik, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal ve fuhu\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n yerle\u015fik i\u00e7tihad\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sistematik bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilecektir. Her su\u00e7 tipi, kendi normatif \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nacak; su\u00e7 vasf\u0131nda yap\u0131lan yayg\u0131n hatalar, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bozma kararlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden analiz edilecektir. <\/span>Bu y\u00f6ntemle ama\u00e7lanan, yaln\u0131zca kanun maddelerinin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 de\u011fil; uygulamada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan tipik olaylar \u00fczerinden hangi eylemin hangi su\u00e7u olu\u015fturdu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bi\u00e7imde ortaya konulmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle ceza hukukunda belirlilik ilkesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yol g\u00f6sterici bir \u00e7er\u00e7evenin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hayas\u0131zca Hareketler Su\u00e7u<\/span><\/h3>\n

Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u, TCK<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n \u201cGenel Ahlaka Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, 225. maddede d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Kanun koyucu bu su\u00e7 tipiyle, bireysel bir ma\u011fdurdan ziyade, toplumu olu\u015fturan bireylerin ortak ya\u015fam alan\u0131nda korunmas\u0131 gereken genel ahlak ve kamu d\u00fczenini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle su\u00e7un ma\u011fduru belirli bir ki\u015fi de\u011fil, belirsiz say\u0131da ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan toplumdur. Bu \u00f6zellik, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unu cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131, cinsel taciz veya \u00f6zel hayata kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lardan ay\u0131ran temel noktalardan biridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCK<\/a> m.225\u2019e g\u00f6re, alenen hayas\u0131zca hareketlerde bulunan ki\u015fi, kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yapt\u0131r\u0131mla cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kanun metni ilk bak\u0131\u015fta son derece k\u0131sa ve genel g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte, uygulamada bu su\u00e7un kapsam\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru \u00e7izilmesi ciddi hukuki sorunlara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Zira \u201chayas\u0131zca hareket<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131, soyut ve yoruma a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifade olup, keyfi de\u011ferlendirmelere elveri\u015flidir. Bu nedenle Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 somutla\u015ft\u0131rarak, hangi eylemlerin bu su\u00e7u olu\u015fturabilece\u011fini titizlikle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun maddi unsurunu olu\u015fturan davran\u0131\u015f, toplumun genel ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a zedeleyen, cinsel i\u00e7erik ta\u015f\u0131yan ve s\u0131radan bir ahlaki rahats\u0131zl\u0131k seviyesini a\u015fan fiillerdir. Ancak her cinsel i\u00e7erikli davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n bu su\u00e7u olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019a g\u00f6re, eylemin \u201chayas\u0131zca<\/em>\u201d olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in, cinsel i\u00e7eri\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131k, do\u011frudan ve objektif olarak genel ahlak\u0131 rencide edici nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu de\u011ferlendirme, h\u00e2kimin ki\u015fisel ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, toplumun genel ve yerle\u015fik de\u011ferleri dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Su\u00e7un olu\u015fumu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en kritik unsur ise aleniyet \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r. Aleniyet, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun kurucu unsurlar\u0131ndan biridir ve bu unsur ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden TCK<\/a> m.225 kapsam\u0131nda cezaland\u0131rma yap\u0131lamaz. Yarg\u0131tay, aleniyet kavram\u0131n\u0131 dar ve teknik anlamda yorumlamakta; bu unsurun her olayda ayr\u0131ca ve somut gerek\u00e7elerle ortaya konulmas\u0131n\u0131 aramaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihad\u0131na g\u00f6re aleniyet, eylemin belirsiz say\u0131da ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclme ihtimalinin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu ihtimalin fiilen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fart de\u011fildir; ancak objektif olarak mevcut olmas\u0131 gerekir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, yaln\u0131zca belirli bir ki\u015finin g\u00f6rebilece\u011fi veya failin \u00f6zellikle belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eylemler aleniyet unsurunu kar\u015f\u0131lamaz. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, TCK<\/a> m.225 ile TCK<\/a> m.105\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen cinsel taciz su\u00e7u aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da belirleyicidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin yak\u0131n tarihli bir karar\u0131nda, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n apartman i\u00e7inde bulunan g\u00fcvenlik kameras\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erek defalarca kameraya kar\u015f\u0131 cinsel organ\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi \u015feklindeki eylemi de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Yerel mahkeme bu eylemi hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda mahk\u00fbmiyetle sonu\u00e7land\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; ancak Yarg\u0131tay, aleniyet unsurunun somut olayda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini belirterek karar\u0131 bozmu\u015ftur. Kararda, kamera g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin apartman y\u00f6neticisi taraf\u0131ndan izleniyor olmas\u0131n\u0131n san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan bilindi\u011fi, eylemin fiilen belirsiz bir toplulu\u011fa y\u00f6nelmedi\u011fi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla aleniyetin olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme, bu durumda eylemin te\u015fhir suretiyle cinsel taciz su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilip de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011finin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 28.03.2023, E. 2021\/976, K. 2023\/16574<\/em>). <\/span>Bu karar, uygulamada s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen \u00f6nemli bir noktay\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r: Bir eylemin teknik olarak \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131k veya cinsel te\u015fhir i\u00e7ermesi, onu otomatik olarak hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7una d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmez. Eylemin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi alan, potansiyel izleyici kitlesi ve failin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hangi ba\u011flamda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi titizlikle incelenmelidir. Yarg\u0131tay, aleniyet unsurunu yaln\u0131zca mek\u00e2nsal de\u011fil, fonksiyonel bir kriter olarak de\u011ferlendirmekte; eylemin kamusal alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli g\u00f6rmemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00f6zellikle apartman i\u00e7leri, site alanlar\u0131, i\u015f yerleri veya s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 eri\u015fime sahip alanlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019a g\u00f6re, kapal\u0131 bir alan\u0131n herkes taraf\u0131ndan girilebilir olmas\u0131, otomatik olarak aleniyet sonucunu do\u011furmaz. Eylemin, belirsiz say\u0131da ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclme ihtimali bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Aksi h\u00e2lde, \u00f6zel hayata daha yak\u0131n alanlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen fiillerin yanl\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imde genel ahlaka kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7 olarak nitelendirilmesi s\u00f6z konusu olur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun manevi unsuru bak\u0131m\u0131ndan genel kast yeterlidir. Failin, eyleminin toplumca rahats\u0131z edici olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmesi ve buna ra\u011fmen davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi yeterlidir; \u00f6zel bir saik aranmaz. Ancak bu noktada da Yarg\u0131tay, failin eylemi bilin\u00e7li olarak kamusal alana y\u00f6neltip y\u00f6neltmedi\u011fini de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Failin, eylemin ba\u015fkalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyece\u011fine dair makul bir beklentisinin bulundu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde kast\u0131n aleniyet unsuruna y\u00f6nelmedi\u011fi kabul edilebilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle ili\u015fkilendirilmesi de uygulamada tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 failin, ayn\u0131 ortamda ve ayn\u0131 su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda birden fazla kez benzer eylemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi h\u00e2linde, zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulan\u0131p uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 her somut olayda ayr\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Ancak bu de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131l\u0131rken dahi, \u00f6ncelikle su\u00e7un temel unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle aleniyetin her bir eylem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi tespit edilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak TCK<\/a> m.225\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u, dar yorumlanmas\u0131 gereken, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihad\u0131yla \u00e7izilmi\u015f bir su\u00e7 tipidir. Bu su\u00e7un amac\u0131, bireylerin \u00f6zel ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 veya bireysel rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak de\u011fil; ortak ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda genel ahlak\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ihlal eden davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131ma ba\u011flamakt\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n yerle\u015fik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, ceza hukukunun son \u00e7are olma ilkesine uygun olarak, bu su\u00e7un geni\u015fletici ve keyfi yorumlarla uygulanmas\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131 durmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hayas\u0131zca Hareketler Su\u00e7unun Benzer Su\u00e7lardan Ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda do\u011fru su\u00e7 tipinin belirlenmesi, yaln\u0131zca adil cezaland\u0131rma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011fil, bireyin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin korunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da hayati \u00f6nemdedir. Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.225), gerek soyut kavramlarla form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekse cinsel davran\u0131\u015flarla ili\u015fkilendirilmesi nedeniyle, uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla cinsel taciz (TCK<\/a> m.105), m\u00fcstehcenlik (TCK<\/a> m.226) ve \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal (TCK<\/a> m.134) su\u00e7lar\u0131yla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hatal\u0131 mahk\u00fbmiyetlere ya da yanl\u0131\u015f gerek\u00e7elerle verilen beraat kararlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7 tipleri aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131 netle\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik istikrarl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda belirleyici olan, fiilin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi hukuki de\u011fer, ma\u011fdurun belirli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, eylemin aleni niteli\u011fi ve fail ile ma\u011fdur aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki bi\u00e7imidir. <\/span>Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun temel ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, ma\u011fdurunun belirli bir ki\u015fi olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu su\u00e7, toplumun genel ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f olup, bireysel bir cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131k ihlalinden ziyade, kamusal ahlak d\u00fczeninin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, cinsel taciz su\u00e7unda ma\u011fdur belirli bir ki\u015fidir ve eylem do\u011frudan bu ki\u015fiye y\u00f6neliktir. Failin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, ma\u011fdurun cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya huzurunu hedef al\u0131r; toplumun genel ahlak\u0131 ikincil plandad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay, te\u015fhir niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan bir\u00e7ok eylemin otomatik olarak hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a reddetmektedir. E\u011fer failin eylemi, belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelik olarak ve onun rahats\u0131z edilmesi amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015fse, bu durumda aleniyet unsuru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olsa dahi, eylemin cinsel taciz kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekebilir. \u00d6zellikle te\u015fhir suretiyle cinsel taciz su\u00e7unda, aleniyet de\u011fil, ma\u011fdurun belirli olmas\u0131 ve eylemin ona y\u00f6nelmesi belirleyici kriterdir. <\/span>Bu ayr\u0131m, Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin kararlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Daire, belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ve o ki\u015finin g\u00f6rmesi amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan te\u015fhir eylemlerinin, s\u0131rf kamusal bir mek\u00e2nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle TCK m.225 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr durumlarda, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n topluma de\u011fil, belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6neldi\u011fi kabul edilmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 28.03.2023, E. 2021\/976, K. 2023\/16574<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7u ile hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m ise daha \u00e7ok eylemin niteli\u011fi ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fi \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. M\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7unda, yaz\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, ses veya benzeri materyaller arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla m\u00fcstehcen i\u00e7eriklerin \u00fcretimi, yay\u0131lmas\u0131 veya \u00e7ocuklara sunulmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu su\u00e7ta \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bir i\u00e7erik ve bu i\u00e7eri\u011fin dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unda somut bir materyal de\u011fil, bizzat failin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, \u00f6zellikle dijital ortamda i\u015flenen fiillerde bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 titizlikle g\u00f6zetmektedir. Sosyal medya \u00fczerinden \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu durumda m\u00fcstehcenlik veya \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmekte; ancak bu fiillerin otomatik olarak hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u olarak nitelendirilmesine izin verilmemektedir. Zira bu t\u00fcr payla\u015f\u0131mlar, her ne kadar ahlaken rahats\u0131z edici olsa da, TCK<\/a> m.225\u2019te aranan fiziksel davran\u0131\u015f ve aleniyet unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 her zaman kar\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7u ile hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u aras\u0131ndaki fark ise korunmak istenen hukuki de\u011ferde yo\u011funla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7unda, belirli bir ki\u015finin mahrem alan\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri veya sesleri hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde if\u015fa edilmektedir. Burada ma\u011fdur somuttur ve su\u00e7, ma\u011fdurun ki\u015fisel haklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unda ise ma\u011fdur belirsizdir; ihlal edilen de\u011fer, toplumun ortak ahlaki d\u00fczenidir. <\/span>Bu ayr\u0131m, Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya konulmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle r\u0131zas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri sosyal medyada payla\u015f\u0131lan ma\u011fdurlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, fiilin m\u00fcstehcenlik veya hayas\u0131zca hareketler kapsam\u0131nda de\u011fil, TCK m.134 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Aksi y\u00f6ndeki de\u011ferlendirmeler, su\u00e7un ma\u011fdurunu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131lmakta ve hukuki korumay\u0131 zay\u0131flatmaktad\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi, 02.10.2024, E. 2021\/2388, K. 2024\/4879<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Yanl\u0131\u015f nitelendirme sorunu yaln\u0131zca teorik bir problem de\u011fildir; uygulamada ciddi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Yanl\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 tipinin uygulanmas\u0131, uzla\u015ft\u0131rma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin devreye girip girmemesi, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcreleri, basit yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulanabilirli\u011fi ve hatta g\u00f6revli mahkemenin belirlenmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan dahi belirleyici olmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle TCK<\/a> m.225 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilen fiillerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda cinsel taciz veya \u00f6zel hayata kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7 niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131, ma\u011fdurun etkin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyebilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n yerle\u015fik i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu nedenle, h\u00e2kimlerin fiili yaln\u0131zca \u201cahlaken rahats\u0131z edici<\/em>\u201d olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakarak de\u011fil; eylemin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi ki\u015fi veya ki\u015filer, aleniyetin niteli\u011fi, failin kast\u0131 ve korunmak istenen hukuki de\u011fer \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir de\u011ferlendirme yapmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ceza hukukunda tipiklik ilkesinin bir gere\u011fi olarak, su\u00e7 tipleri aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz; her su\u00e7, kendi unsurlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ve dar yorumla ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun, cinsel davran\u0131\u015f i\u00e7eren her fiili kapsayan \u201cgenel bir ahlak su\u00e7u<\/em>\u201d olarak alg\u0131lanmas\u0131, Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a reddedilmektedir. TCK<\/a> m.225, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve istisnai bir uygulama alan\u0131na sahiptir ve bu alan, di\u011fer cinsel su\u00e7 tipleriyle \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmayacak bi\u00e7imde titizlikle korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fuhu\u015f, M\u00fcstehcenlik ve Hayas\u0131zca Hareketler<\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u00fcrk Ceza Hukuku\u2019nda cinsel davran\u0131\u015flara ili\u015fkin su\u00e7 tipleri, farkl\u0131 hukuki de\u011ferleri korumak \u00fczere yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu su\u00e7lar\u0131n ayn\u0131 sosyal olgular etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenmesi, uygulamada ciddi bir kavramsal bulan\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle fuhu\u015f (TCK<\/a> m.227), m\u00fcstehcenlik (TCK<\/a> m.226) ve hayas\u0131zca hareketler (TCK<\/a> m.225) su\u00e7lar\u0131, hem kolluk hem de yarg\u0131 mercileri taraf\u0131ndan zaman zaman birbirinin yerine ikame edilmekte, bu durum ise ceza adaletinin maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma amac\u0131n\u0131 zedelemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu \u00fc\u00e7 su\u00e7 tipi aras\u0131nda i\u015flevsel ve normatif bir ayr\u0131m geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n merkezinde, failin eylemiyle neyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131, hangi hukuki de\u011ferin ihlal edildi\u011fi ve eylemin hangi ara\u00e7larla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fuhu\u015f su\u00e7u, \u00f6z\u00fc itibar\u0131yla bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc su\u00e7udur. Burada korunmak istenen hukuki de\u011fer, bireyin cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00f6zellikle ekonomik veya sosyal zay\u0131fl\u0131k h\u00e2linden yararlan\u0131larak bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ihlal edilmesinin \u00f6nlenmesidir. Yarg\u0131tay, fuhu\u015f su\u00e7unun olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in ma\u011fdurun iradesinin bask\u0131, hile, tehdit veya \u00e7aresizlikten yararlanma yoluyla y\u00f6nlendirilmesini aramakta; r\u0131zaya dayal\u0131 ve herhangi bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc unsuru i\u00e7ermeyen davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bu su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmemektedir. <\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin kararlar\u0131nda istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6zellikle ma\u011fdurun kendi iradesiyle hareket etti\u011fi, cebir, tehdit veya \u00e7aresizlikten yararlanma unsurunun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylarda, san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda TCK m.227\u2019nin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulmakta ve mahk\u00fbmiyet kararlar\u0131n\u0131 bozmaktad\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 01.11.2022, E. 2020\/18177, K. 2022\/21392<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu noktada \u00f6nemli olan husus, fuhu\u015f su\u00e7u ile hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun ama\u00e7 ve ma\u011fdur yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tamamen farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Fuhu\u015f su\u00e7unda ma\u011fdur belirli ve somuttur; su\u00e7, ma\u011fdurun cinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6neliktir. Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unda ise ma\u011fdur belirsizdir ve ihlal edilen de\u011fer, kamusal ahlak d\u00fczenidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bir fiilin ahlaken rahats\u0131z edici olmas\u0131, onu otomatik olarak hayas\u0131zca hareketler kapsam\u0131na sokmaz; e\u011fer fiil belirli bir ma\u011fdurun s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesini i\u00e7eriyorsa, \u00f6ncelikle fuhu\u015f su\u00e7u y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da benzer bir ayr\u0131m s\u00f6z konusudur. M\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7unun ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, m\u00fcstehcen i\u00e7eriklerin \u00fcretilmesi, \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, yay\u0131lmas\u0131 veya \u00e7ocuklara sunulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu su\u00e7ta, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bir \u201ci\u00e7erik<\/em>\u201d ve bu i\u00e7eri\u011fin dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Failin bedensel davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ziyade, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan materyal ve bu materyalin kamusal alana ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, \u00f6zellikle dijital \u00e7a\u011fda m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7unun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletici yorumlara kar\u015f\u0131 dikkatli bir tutum benimsemektedir. Sosyal medya, internet siteleri veya mesajla\u015fma uygulamalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen payla\u015f\u0131mlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, i\u00e7eri\u011fin niteli\u011fi, hedef kitlesi ve eri\u015fim imk\u00e2n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Bu de\u011ferlendirmede, m\u00fcstehcen i\u00e7eri\u011fin aleniyet kazan\u0131p kazanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirleyici rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u ile m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7u aras\u0131ndaki temel fark, eylemin bedensel mi yoksa i\u00e7erik temelli mi oldu\u011fudur. Failin kendi bedeniyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve aleniyet ta\u015f\u0131yan davran\u0131\u015flar, belirli \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda TCK<\/a> m.225 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilirken; yaz\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc veya ses gibi ara\u00e7larla yap\u0131lan yayma fiilleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla TCK<\/a> m.226 kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay, bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde bozmakta ve do\u011fru su\u00e7 tipinin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, fuhu\u015fa arac\u0131l\u0131k amac\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanan kartvizitler, ilanlar veya dijital payla\u015f\u0131mlar da Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel incelemesine konu olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle fuhu\u015fu kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanan g\u00f6rsel veya yaz\u0131l\u0131 materyaller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Yarg\u0131tay, TCK<\/a> m.227\/3\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen \u00f6zel h\u00fckm\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr fiillerin, s\u0131rf aleni olmas\u0131 nedeniyle hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 27.09.2023, E. 2021\/13347, K. 2023\/21728<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu i\u00e7tihatlar, ceza hukukunda \u00f6zel norm\u2013genel norm ili\u015fkisini a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. E\u011fer bir fiil, fuhu\u015f veya m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemeleri kapsam\u0131nda kal\u0131yorsa, TCK<\/a> m.225 gibi daha genel nitelikli bir su\u00e7 tipine ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Aksi yakla\u015f\u0131m, su\u00e7 tiplerinin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mesine ve ceza hukukunda belirlilik ilkesinin zedelenmesine yol a\u00e7ar. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bu konudaki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, yaln\u0131zca failin lehine de\u011fil, ma\u011fdurun korunmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Yanl\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 vas\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131, ma\u011fdurun hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc belirsizle\u015ftirmekte ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman daha a\u011f\u0131r veya daha etkili koruma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n devreye girmesini engellemektedir. Bu nedenle Yarg\u0131tay, ilk derece mahkemelerinden, fiili b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleriyle analiz etmelerini ve hangi su\u00e7 tipinin ger\u00e7ekten ihlal edildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymalar\u0131n\u0131 talep etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, fuhu\u015f, m\u00fcstehcenlik ve hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak ayr\u0131m, y\u00fczeysel ahlak de\u011ferlendirmelerine de\u011fil; fiilin hukuki yap\u0131s\u0131na, ma\u011fdur\u2013fail ili\u015fkisine ve korunmak istenen hukuki de\u011fere dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde in\u015fa etmi\u015f olup, uygulamada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n giderilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yol g\u00f6sterici niteliktedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hayas\u0131zca Hareketler Su\u00e7unun Benzer Su\u00e7lardan Ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.225), ceza hukukunda cinsel su\u00e7lar ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yer almakla birlikte, korudu\u011fu hukuki de\u011fer ve su\u00e7un y\u00f6neldi\u011fi menfaat itibar\u0131yla di\u011fer cinsel su\u00e7 tiplerinden belirgin bi\u00e7imde ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n do\u011fru yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, uygulamada yanl\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 vas\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131na, hatal\u0131 ceza tayinlerine ve kimi zaman a\u011f\u0131r hak ihlallerine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n somut olay baz\u0131nda nas\u0131l \u00e7izilmesi gerekti\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.226), esas itibar\u0131yla m\u00fcstehcen i\u00e7eriklerin \u00fcretilmesi, yay\u0131lmas\u0131, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, bulundurulmas\u0131 veya \u00e7ocuklara sunulmas\u0131 gibi fiilleri konu edinir. Bu su\u00e7 tipinde korunan hukuki de\u011fer, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplumun genel ahlaki yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unda ise koruma alan\u0131, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kamusal alandaki genel ahlak d\u00fczenidir ve fiil, bizzat failin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirilir. <\/span>Bu ba\u011flamda m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7unda bir \u201c\u00fcr\u00fcn<\/em>\u201d, \u201ci\u00e7erik<\/em>\u201d veya \u201cmateryal<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6z konusu iken; hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unda failin bedensel veya davran\u0131\u015fsal eylemi \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay, \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n veya cinsel i\u00e7erikli davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n hangi hukuki de\u011feri ihlal etti\u011finin dikkatle belirlenmesi gerekti\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. <\/span>\u00d6rne\u011fin, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00e7ocu\u011fa ait m\u00fcstehcen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri sosyal medya \u00fczerinden payla\u015fmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, fiilin yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7unu da olu\u015fturabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda TCK<\/a> m.44 kapsam\u0131nda fikri i\u00e7tima h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi, 02.10.2024, E. 2021\/2388, K. 2024\/4879<\/em>). <\/span>Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, herhangi bir m\u00fcstehcen materyal \u00fcretimi veya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, failin aleni \u015fekilde cinsel i\u00e7erikli davran\u0131\u015fta bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, m\u00fcstehcenlik de\u011fil hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun g\u00fcndeme gelece\u011fi kabul edilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cinsel taciz su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.105), belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, o ki\u015finin cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ki\u015fisel huzurunu ihlal eden davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 konu al\u0131r. Bu su\u00e7 tipinde ma\u011fdur belirli ve somuttur. Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unda ise ma\u011fdur bireysel de\u011fil, toplumdur; su\u00e7, kamusal d\u00fczeni ve genel ahlak\u0131 hedef al\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay uygulamas\u0131nda en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlardan biri, te\u015fhir niteli\u011findeki fiillerin hangi su\u00e7 tipine girdi\u011finin belirlenmesidir. Failin cinsel organ\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi, e\u011fer belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, o ki\u015finin rahats\u0131z edilmesi amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015fse, cinsel taciz su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, fiil aleni \u015fekilde ve belirli bir ki\u015fiyi hedef almaks\u0131z\u0131n i\u015flenmi\u015fse, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u s\u00f6z konusu olmaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, apartman g\u00fcvenlik kameras\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan te\u015fhir eyleminde, aleniyet unsurunun olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve fiilin belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelip y\u00f6nelmedi\u011finin yeterince tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmadan TCK m.225 kapsam\u0131nda mahk\u00fbmiyet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. Daire, somut olayda eylemin cinsel taciz su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturup olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 28.03.2023, E. 2021\/976, K. 2023\/16574<\/em>). <\/span>Bu karar, cinsel taciz ile hayas\u0131zca hareketler aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131mda failin y\u00f6nelimi, ma\u011fdurun belirlenebilirli\u011fi ve aleniyet unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7u (TCK<\/a> m.134), bireyin \u00f6zel ya\u015fam alan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahaleleri cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Bu su\u00e7 tipinde ma\u011fdur, belirli bir ki\u015fidir ve korunan hukuki de\u011fer bireysel mahremiyettir. Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unda ise bireysel mahremiyetten ziyade kamusal ahlak d\u00fczeni \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. <\/span>Ancak uygulamada, \u00f6zellikle dijital mecralarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bu iki su\u00e7 tipi aras\u0131nda ciddi \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir ki\u015finin, ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fiye ait \u00f6zel g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri r\u0131za olmaks\u0131z\u0131n payla\u015fmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, fiil hem \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal hem de m\u00fcstehcenlik veya hayas\u0131zca hareketler kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilmektedir. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi, \u00e7\u0131plak foto\u011fraflar\u0131n sosyal medya \u00fczerinden payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 olay\u0131nda, eylemin yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesini yeterli bulmam\u0131\u015f; ma\u011fdurun ya\u015f\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin niteli\u011fi dikkate al\u0131narak m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7unun da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi, 02.10.2024, E. 2021\/2388, K. 2024\/4879<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr olaylarda hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun uygulanabilirli\u011fi ise genellikle tali nitelikte kalmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7unda, fiilin aleniyeti de\u011fil, ma\u011fdurun r\u0131zas\u0131 ve mahremiyet alan\u0131n\u0131n ihlali belirleyici olmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u, uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla di\u011fer cinsel su\u00e7 tipleriyle birlikte g\u00fcndeme gelmektedir. Bu durum, fikri i\u00e7tima (TCK<\/a> m.44) h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay, tek fiille birden fazla su\u00e7un ihlal edilmesi h\u00e2linde, failin en a\u011f\u0131r cezay\u0131 gerektiren su\u00e7tan cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kabul etmektedir. <\/span>Ancak hangi su\u00e7un \u201cdaha a\u011f\u0131r<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011funun belirlenmesi, yaln\u0131zca kanuni ceza s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na bak\u0131larak de\u011fil; korunan hukuki de\u011ferlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve fiilin ma\u011fdur \u00fczerindeki etkisi dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu noktada Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda, m\u00fcstehcenlik ve cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lara \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u, ceza hukukunda s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 su\u00e7 tiplerinden biridir. Bu su\u00e7un di\u011fer cinsel su\u00e7 tiplerinden ayr\u0131m\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak hatalar, hem san\u0131k aleyhine a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilmekte hem de ceza hukukunun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ve son \u00e7are olma ilkelerini zedeleyebilmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n soyut ahlak anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla de\u011fil, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri, failin kast\u0131, aleniyet derecesi ve ma\u011fdurun belirlenebilirli\u011fi esas al\u0131narak \u00e7izilmesi gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dijital Ortamda Hayas\u0131zca Hareketler<\/span><\/h3>\n

Dijitalle\u015fme, ceza hukukunun klasik kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn en belirgin etkisi, aleniyet unsurunun dijital mecralarda nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi sorusunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Fiziksel kamusal alan kavram\u0131n\u0131n yerini giderek sanal platformlar\u0131n almas\u0131, TCK<\/a> m.225\u2019in yorumunda yeni \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerin geli\u015ftirilmesini zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Geleneksel ceza hukuku \u00f6\u011fretisinde aleniyet, fiilin belirsiz say\u0131da ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan alg\u0131lanabilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Dijital ortamda ise bu alg\u0131lanabilirlik, fiziki mek\u00e2ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. Sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, canl\u0131 yay\u0131nlar, video payla\u015f\u0131m platformlar\u0131 ve hatta kapal\u0131 gruplar dahi, belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda aleniyet unsurunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmektedir. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, dijital ortamdaki fiillerin aleniyet te\u015fkil edip etmedi\u011fini de\u011ferlendirirken, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n eri\u015fim kapasitesi, kontrol edilebilirli\u011fi ve failin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fi kriterlerini esas almaktad\u0131r. Bir i\u00e7eri\u011fin yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir ki\u015fi grubuna y\u00f6nelik payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, her zaman aleniyetin olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. E\u011fer i\u00e7erik, teknik olarak yay\u0131lmaya elveri\u015fli ise ve fail bu yay\u0131lmay\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilecek durumda ise, aleniyet unsurunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi kabul edilebilmektedir. <\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00f6zellikle sosyal medya \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan te\u015fhir niteli\u011findeki davran\u0131\u015flar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Failin \u201c\u00f6zel hesap<\/em>\u201d savunmas\u0131, tek ba\u015f\u0131na aleniyeti ortadan kald\u0131ran bir unsur olarak kabul edilmemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal medya platformlar\u0131, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun dijital tezah\u00fcrlerinin en s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alanlard\u0131r. Canl\u0131 yay\u0131nlar, hik\u00e2ye payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 veya k\u0131sa video i\u00e7erikleri \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen te\u015fhir niteli\u011findeki fiiller, klasik kamusal alan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na benzer bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda, sosyal medya \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan cinsel i\u00e7erikli payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n, belirli bir ki\u015fiye y\u00f6nelmemesi ve geni\u015f kitlelere ula\u015fma potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nabilece\u011fi kabul edilmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n belirli bir ki\u015fiyi hedef almas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, fiilin cinsel taciz veya \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. <\/span>\u00d6zellikle \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131k veya cinsel organ te\u015fhirinin, \u201csanatsal ifade<\/em>\u201d veya \u201cki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/em>\u201d iddialar\u0131yla me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, Yarg\u0131tay, i\u00e7eri\u011fin sunulu\u015f bi\u00e7imini ve ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 titizlikle incelemektedir. Salt \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131k de\u011fil, \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sunulu\u015f amac\u0131, zamansal ba\u011flam\u0131 ve eri\u015fim alan\u0131 belirleyici kabul edilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Apartman kameralar\u0131, i\u015f yeri g\u00fcvenlik sistemleri ve kamusal alan kameralar\u0131, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun ispat\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla delil olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak kamera kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen her cinsel i\u00e7erikli davran\u0131\u015f, otomatik olarak TCK<\/a> m.225 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilemez. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131na yans\u0131yan fiillerde \u00f6zellikle failin bilinci ve kameran\u0131n konumunu bilip bilmedi\u011fi hususlar\u0131na \u00f6nem vermektedir. Failin, kameran\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdar olarak ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin izlenebilece\u011fini bilerek eylemde bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, aleniyet unsurunun olu\u015fabilece\u011fi kabul edilmektedir. <\/span>Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, kamera kayd\u0131n\u0131n fail taraf\u0131ndan bilinmeyen bir noktada yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 veya g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin yaln\u0131zca belirli ki\u015filerce izlenebilir nitelikte olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, aleniyet unsurunun tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00e2le geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, apartman kameras\u0131na y\u00f6nelik te\u015fhir eyleminde, kameran\u0131n kimler taraf\u0131ndan izlenebildi\u011finin ve failin bu durumu bilip bilmedi\u011finin yeterince tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 bozma nedeni saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 28.03.2023, E. 2021\/976, K. 2023\/16574<\/em>).\u00a0<\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ceza hukukunda kusur ilkesinin ve failin subjektif durumunun \u00f6nemini bir kez daha ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dijital mecralarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen fiillerde, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u ile m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7u aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r daha da belirsizle\u015fmektedir. \u00d6zellikle cinsel i\u00e7erikli videolar\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, canl\u0131 yay\u0131n yoluyla te\u015fhir yap\u0131lmas\u0131 veya \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7eriklerin dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulmas\u0131 h\u00e2llerinde, su\u00e7 vasf\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru belirlenmesi hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcstehcen i\u00e7eriklerde, fiilin yaln\u0131zca aleniyet boyutuna bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 esas alan TCK<\/a> m.226 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin \u00f6ncelikle uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kabul etmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr durumlarda hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7u tali nitelikte kalmakta veya tamamen devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi, 02.12.2024, E. 2024\/3618, K. 2024\/6934<\/em>). <\/span>Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, yeti\u015fkinlere y\u00f6nelik ve kamusal ahlak\u0131 hedef alan dijital te\u015fhirlerde, m\u00fcstehcen i\u00e7erik \u00fcretimi s\u00f6z konusu de\u011filse, TCK<\/a> m.225\u2019in uygulanabilirli\u011fi g\u00fcndeme gelebilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dijital ortamda hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun uygulanmas\u0131nda en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 konulardan biri, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ceza hukuku aras\u0131ndaki dengedir. Anayasa ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde korunan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, mutlak bir hak de\u011fildir ve kamu d\u00fczeni ile genel ahlak\u0131n korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131labilir.\u00a0<\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, dijital i\u00e7eriklerin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddialar\u0131n\u0131 soyut bi\u00e7imde de\u011fil, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmektedir. \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fin bilgilendirici, sanatsal veya ele\u015ftirel bir amaca hizmet edip etmedi\u011fi; kullan\u0131lan dilin ve g\u00f6rsellerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131; hedef kitlenin kim oldu\u011fu gibi unsurlar, bu de\u011ferlendirmede belirleyici olmaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ceza hukukunun \u201cson \u00e7are<\/em>\u201d olma ilkesinin dijital alan i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dijital ortam, hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unun uygulanmas\u0131nda yeni sorun alanlar\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aleniyetin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, failin bilinci ve dijital i\u00e7eriklerin yay\u0131lma potansiyeli, klasik ceza hukuku kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yorumlanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu yorumun keyfi de\u011fil; \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ve kusur ilkesi temelinde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Soru\u015fturma ve Kovu\u015fturma Rejimi<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ele al\u0131nan su\u00e7 tipleri, her ne kadar ayn\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda \u201ccinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011fa, \u00f6zel hayata ve genel ahlaka kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar<\/em>\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilse de, soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma rejimleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan homojen bir yap\u0131 arz etmemektedir. Uygulamada yap\u0131lan hatalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, bu su\u00e7lar\u0131n usule ili\u015fkin farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eik\u00e2yete Tabi Olup – Olmama<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0130ncelenen su\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda \u015fik\u00e2yete tabi olanlar ile resen soru\u015fturulanlar aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir ayr\u0131m bulunmaktad\u0131r. Cinsel taciz su\u00e7unun yal\u0131n h\u00e2li (TCK<\/a> m.105\/1), ma\u011fdurun \u015fik\u00e2yetine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k nitelikli h\u00e2ller, cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131, re\u015fit olmayanla cinsel ili\u015fki, m\u00fcstehcenlik, fuhu\u015f, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011finin ihlali ve hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7lar\u0131 \u015fik\u00e2yete tabi de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay, \u00f6zellikle aleniyet veya kamu d\u00fczeni boyutu bulunan fiillerde, ma\u011fdurun \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7i olmamas\u0131n\u0131n soru\u015fturman\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine engel te\u015fkil etmeyece\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, m\u00fcstehcen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin dijital ortamda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 veya fuh\u015fa arac\u0131l\u0131k edilmesi h\u00e2llerinde, kamu d\u00fczenine y\u00f6nelik ihlalin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n resen harekete ge\u00e7mesi gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi, 02.10.2024, E. 2021\/2388, K. 2024\/4879<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Uzla\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumunun Uygulanabilirli\u011fi<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uzla\u015ft\u0131rma, incelenen su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir uygulama alan\u0131na sahiptir. \u00d6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011finin ihlali su\u00e7unun baz\u0131 h\u00e2llerinde uzla\u015ft\u0131rma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteyken, cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131, cinsel istismar, m\u00fcstehcenlik, fuhu\u015f ve hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7lar\u0131nda uzla\u015ft\u0131rma yolu kapal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, uzla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n uygulanabilirli\u011fini de\u011ferlendirirken, su\u00e7un bireysel menfaati mi yoksa toplumsal menfaati mi korudu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc esas almaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcstehcenlik veya fuhu\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131nda uzla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n g\u00fcndeme dahi gelmemesi gerekti\u011fi, i\u00e7tihatlarda a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ifade edilmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi, 02.12.2024, E. 2024\/3618, K. 2024\/6934<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Basit Yarg\u0131lama Usul\u00fc ve Lehe Kanun \u0130lkesi<\/span><\/h4>\n

Basit yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fc, incelenen su\u00e7lardan yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan teorik olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak uygulamada, basit yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcn\u00fcn otomatik bir se\u00e7enek gibi uygulanmas\u0131 ciddi hak ihlallerine yol a\u00e7abilmektedir.\u00a0<\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, \u00f6zellikle temyiz a\u015famas\u0131nda bulunan dosyalarda, basit yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcn\u00fcn san\u0131k lehine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furup do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini, Anayasa Mahkemesi iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n da bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 28.03.2023, E. 2021\/976, K. 2023\/16574<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Delil Rejimi ve \u0130spat Standartlar\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 tiplerinin tamam\u0131nda, delil de\u011ferlendirmesi hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir. Cinsel su\u00e7lar ve genel ahlaka kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman tan\u0131k beyanlar\u0131, ma\u011fdur anlat\u0131mlar\u0131, kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve dijital materyaller \u00fczerinden ispat edilmektedir. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay, soyut, \u00e7eli\u015fkili veya maddi delille desteklenmeyen beyanlara dayan\u0131larak mahk\u00fbmiyet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131 ve nitelikli cinsel su\u00e7larda, \u201cher t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015f\u00fcpheden uzak, kesin ve inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 delil<\/em>\u201d standard\u0131 vurgulanmaktad\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi, 14.02.2024, E. 2023\/9851, K. 2024\/1232<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Su\u00e7 Vasf\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fru Belirlenmesi ve Yapt\u0131r\u0131m Sistemi<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uygulamada en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlardan biri, fiilin yanl\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 tipine sokulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Te\u015fhir niteli\u011findeki fiillerin hayas\u0131zca hareketler yerine cinsel taciz olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi veya m\u00fcstehcenlik fiillerinin yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fi kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmas\u0131, Yarg\u0131tay taraf\u0131ndan bozma nedeni yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>Ceza tayininde ise failin kast\u0131, fiilin s\u00fcresi, tekrar edip etmedi\u011fi ve ma\u011fdur \u00fczerindeki etkisi birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n somut gerek\u00e7elerle a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 zorunludur (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 27.09.2023, E. 2021\/13347, K. 2023\/21728<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 ve De\u011ferlendirme<\/span><\/h2>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma boyunca, TCK<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmakla birlikte uygulamada \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ayn\u0131 olay \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7inde kesi\u015fen veya birbirine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen su\u00e7 tipleri b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, \u00f6zel hayata ve hayat\u0131n gizli alan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar ile genel ahlaka kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda normatif s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n net olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; aksine bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine, failin kast\u0131na, eylemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme bi\u00e7imine ve aleniyet derecesine g\u00f6re belirlendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi de bu tespiti g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130ncelenen kararlar, \u00f6zellikle uygulamada s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan \u00fc\u00e7 temel sorunu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Birinci sorun, fiilin yanl\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 tipine oturtulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 eylemin kimi zaman hayas\u0131zca hareketler, kimi zaman cinsel taciz, kimi zaman da m\u00fcstehcenlik olarak nitelendirilmesi; hatta baz\u0131 dosyalarda \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal veya fuhu\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131yla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7irilmesi, maddi ceza hukukunun belirlilik ilkesini zedeleyen sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay, bu t\u00fcr nitelendirme hatalar\u0131n\u0131, su\u00e7un kanuni unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n somut olayla birebir ili\u015fkilendirilmemesi nedeniyle bozma sebebi yapmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle aleniyet unsurunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ma\u011fdurun ya\u015f\u0131, fiilin tekrar edip etmedi\u011fi ve eylemin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi hukuki de\u011fer, nitelendirmede belirleyici kriterler olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci temel sorun, delil de\u011ferlendirmesinde objektiflikten uzakla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Cinsel ve ahlaka kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7larda, toplumsal hassasiyetlerin yarg\u0131lamaya sirayet etmesi riski y\u00fcksektir. Bu nedenle Yarg\u0131tay, soyut iddialara, \u00e7eli\u015fkili beyanlara veya maddi delille desteklenmeyen anlat\u0131mlara dayan\u0131larak mahk\u00fbmiyet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ncelenen i\u00e7tihatlarda, \u201cher t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015f\u00fcpheden uzak, kesin ve inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 delil<\/em>\u201d standard\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r ilkesinin bu su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da tavizsiz uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi, 14.02.2024, E. 2023\/9851, K. 2024\/1232<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sorun alan\u0131 ise usule ili\u015fkin g\u00fcvencelerin ihmal edilmesidir. \u015eik\u00e2yete tabiiyetin yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011ferlendirilmesi, uzla\u015ft\u0131rma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7larda uygulanmas\u0131 veya uygulanabilir h\u00e2llerde g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesi, basit yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcn\u00fcn san\u0131k aleyhine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furacak bi\u00e7imde tatbik edilmesi gibi uygulamalar, Yarg\u0131tay denetiminde s\u0131kl\u0131kla bozma nedeni yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin iptal kararlar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda basit yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fcne ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmelerin yeniden yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya konulmu\u015ftur (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi, 28.03.2023, E. 2021\/976, K. 2023\/16574<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, ele al\u0131nan t\u00fcm su\u00e7 tipleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ortak bir sonuca ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: Ceza hukukunun bu alan\u0131, geni\u015f yorumlara en elveri\u015fli fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda en y\u00fcksek hak ihlali riski ta\u015f\u0131yan alanlardan biridir. Cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131k, \u00f6zel hayat ve genel ahlak gibi kavramlar, toplumsal de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131yla do\u011frudan ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, yarg\u0131sal de\u011ferlendirmelerin duygusal veya sezgisel temellere kayma tehlikesi her zaman mevcuttur. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu tehlikeye kar\u015f\u0131 ceza hukukunun anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve klasik ilkelerini s\u00fcrekli olarak hat\u0131rlatan bir denge mekanizmas\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rmektedir. <\/span>Hayas\u0131zca hareketler su\u00e7unda aleniyet unsurunun titizlikle de\u011ferlendirilmesi, m\u00fcstehcenlik su\u00e7unda \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel hassasiyet, fuhu\u015f su\u00e7unda cebir, tehdit, hile veya \u00e7aresizlik unsurunun somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011finin ihlalinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc veya sesin if\u015fa edilme bi\u00e7iminin do\u011fru tahlil edilmesi, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yarg\u0131sal tezah\u00fcrleridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, yaln\u0131zca ilgili su\u00e7 tiplerinin kanuni \u00e7er\u00e7evesini a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda uygulamada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sistematik hatalar\u0131 Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan tablo, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda tepkici de\u011fil analitik, genelle\u015ftirici de\u011fil olay temelli, geni\u015fletici de\u011fil s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 bir yorum anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Aksi h\u00e2lde, korunmak istenen hukuki de\u011ferler ad\u0131na bireysel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin zedelenmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz h\u00e2le gelecektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, incelenen su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hem uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar hem de savunma makam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan temel \u00f6neri; her somut olayda su\u00e7 tipinin unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7eli bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015fmak, Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca sonu\u00e7 olarak de\u011fil, gerek\u00e7e mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirmek ve ceza hukukunun anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 daima g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, yaln\u0131zca do\u011fru kararlar verilmesini de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ceza adaletine duyulan toplumsal g\u00fcvenin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cinsel davran\u0131\u015flara ili\u015fkin ceza hukuku d\u00fczenlemeleri, hukuk uygulamas\u0131nda en s\u0131k yanl\u0131\u015f nitelendirilen su\u00e7 alanlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bunun temel nedeni, bu alandaki fiillerin toplumsal ahlak, ki\u015fisel de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hassasiyetlerle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, cinsel i\u00e7erikli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken ahlaki be\u011feni veya toplumsal rahats\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc esas almaz; belirli hukuki de\u011ferlerin ihlal edilip […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":30106,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[740,739,793],"tags":[21809,21859,19205,21876,19519,21875,12574,21870,21825,21852,21838,21872,21871,21833,21880,21842,21860,21826,21845,21873,21864,21881,21839,21858,21822,21874,21856,12562,21851,21861,21857,21837,21882,21834,21821,21855,21841,21850,21823,21849,21848,21832,21835,21844,21853,20028,21003,21846,21865,21877,21878,21830,21829,21828,21827,21831,21862,21836,21840,21879,21824,21847,21869,21867,21866,21868,21854,21843,21883,21863],"class_list":["post-30105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-hukuku","category-gorusler-dusunceler","category-gorusler","tag-aleniyet-unsuru","tag-apartman-kamerasi-ve-hayasizlik","tag-bilisim-suclari","tag-bicak-law-firm-ceza-hukuku","tag-ceza-avukati-ankara","tag-ceza-hukuku-akademik-analiz","tag-ceza-hukuku-avukati","tag-ceza-hukuku-uygulamasi","tag-cinsel-icerikli-goruntuler","tag-cinsel-icerikli-mesajlasma","tag-cinsel-icerikli-paylasimlar","tag-cinsel-suclarda-magdur-haklari","tag-cinsel-suclarda-savunma","tag-cocuklarin-cinsel-istismari-iceren-icerikler","tag-coklu-cinsel-eylem","tag-coklu-cinsel-iliski-ve-ceza-hukuku","tag-dijital-deliller-ceza-hukuku","tag-dijital-mustehcenlik","tag-dijital-platformlarda-cinsel-icerik","tag-dijital-suclar-hukuki-danismanlik","tag-fikri-ictima-ceza-hukuku","tag-furkan-torlak","tag-grup-seks-kavrami-hukuku","tag-guvenlik-kamerasi-ve-teshir","tag-hayasizca-hareketler-sucu","tag-internet-ceza-hukuku","tag-internet-ortaminda-teshir","tag-internet-suclari","tag-intikam-pornosu","tag-ip-kayitlari-ve-ceza-yargilamasi","tag-kamera-onunde-cinsel-davranis","tag-kamusal-alanda-cinsel-davranislar","tag-mehmet-akif-ersoy","tag-mustehcen-icerik-paylasimi","tag-mustehcenlik-sucu","tag-online-cinsel-icerik-suclari","tag-orgy-kavrami-ceza-hukuku","tag-ozel-goruntulerin-ifsasi","tag-ozel-hayatin-gizliliginin-ihlali","tag-pornografi-ile-mustehcenlik-farki","tag-pornografik-icerik-ve-ceza-hukuku","tag-resit-olmayanla-cinsel-iliski","tag-riza-disi-goruntu-yayilmasi","tag-rizanin-ceza-hukuku-sinirlari","tag-sexting-hukuku","tag-sosyal-medya-delilleri","tag-sosyal-medya-suclari","tag-sosyal-medyada-mustehcenlik","tag-suclarin-nitelendirilmesi-sorunu","tag-swinger-susu","tag-swinging-yasal-analiz","tag-tck-105-cinsel-taciz","tag-tck-134-ozel-hayatin-gizliligi","tag-tck-225-hayasizca-hareketler","tag-tck-226-mustehcenlik","tag-tck-227-fuhus-sucu","tag-telefon-inceleme-raporlari","tag-teshir-sucu","tag-threesome-hukuki-degerlendirme","tag-toplu-cinsel-eylem","tag-uygunsuz-goruntulerin-yayinlanmasi","tag-video-paylasim-sitelerinde-suc","tag-yargitay-cinsel-suc-kararlari","tag-yargitay-hayasizca-hareketler-ictihatlari","tag-yargitay-mustehcenlik-kararlari","tag-yargitay-ozel-hayat-kararlari","tag-yetiskin-icerik-siteleri-hukuku","tag-yetiskinler-arasi-riza-ve-ceza-hukuku","tag-yilmaz-colak","tag-zincirleme-suc-mustehcenlik"],"yoast_head":"\nFuhu\u015f, M\u00fcstehcenlik ve Hayas\u0131zca Hareket Su\u00e7lar\u0131 | B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00d6zel Hayat Toplumsal Ahlak Ceza Hukuku Cinsellik M\u00fcstehcenlik Fuhu\u015f Hayas\u0131zca Hareket Su\u00e7u uygunsuz cinsel ili\u015fki Hukuk Avukat \u00c7oklu Toplu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/fuhus-mustehcenlik-ve-hayasizca-hareket-suclari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fuhu\u015f, M\u00fcstehcenlik ve Hayas\u0131zca Hareket Su\u00e7lar\u0131 %\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cinsel davran\u0131\u015flara ili\u015fkin ceza hukuku d\u00fczenlemeleri, hukuk uygulamas\u0131nda en s\u0131k yanl\u0131\u015f nitelendirilen su\u00e7 alanlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. 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