{"id":29279,"date":"2025-08-25T18:28:39","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T15:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=29279"},"modified":"2026-09-05T01:52:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T22:52:53","slug":"turkiyede-avukat-ile-suc-orgutu-iliskisi-olgusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/turkiyede-avukat-ile-suc-orgutu-iliskisi-olgusu\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Avukat ile Su\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u0130li\u015fkisi Olgusu"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Giri\u015f: Avukat ile Su\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Aras\u0131ndaki Her \u0130li\u015fki Ayn\u0131 De\u011fildir<\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de avukatlar\u0131n organize su\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131yla, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle veya ba\u015fka kriminal organizasyonlarla ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fi soru\u015fturmalar son y\u0131llarda kamuoyunda giderek daha fazla g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale gelmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 dosyalarda avukatlar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 temsil ettikleri, baz\u0131 dosyalarda \u00f6rg\u00fct mensuplar\u0131yla ki\u015fisel veya sosyal ili\u015fkilerinin bulundu\u011fu, baz\u0131lar\u0131nda ise avukatl\u0131k mesle\u011finin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgi, g\u00fcven, eri\u015fim ve hukuki ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn faaliyetlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu durumlar d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan benzer g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de hukuken ve meslek eti\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle \u201cavukat\u2013su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ili\u015fkisi<\/em>\u201d tek bir olgu olarak ele al\u0131namaz. Bir su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc mensubunu savunmak, su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcyle ki\u015fisel ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde bulunmak, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel bir su\u00e7la itham edilmek ve avukatl\u0131k kapasitesini \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn faaliyetleri i\u00e7in kullanmak birbirinden farkl\u0131 kategorilerdir.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 savunma hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Bir avukat\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7larla itham edilen, organize su\u00e7 veya ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc mensubu oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen ki\u015fileri temsil etmesi, mesle\u011finin do\u011fal sonucudur. Avukat, m\u00fcvekkilinin kimli\u011fiyle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilemez; temsil etti\u011fi ki\u015finin su\u00e7lamalar\u0131, siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, sosyal \u00e7evresi veya \u00f6rg\u00fctsel aidiyeti avukata y\u00fcklenemez. Aksi yakla\u015f\u0131m, savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131z toplum taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6ren ki\u015filere tan\u0131nan bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bunun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda avukatl\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131 da hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 faaliyetler i\u00e7in bir koruma alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmaz. Meslek\u00ee gizlilik, m\u00fcvekkille \u00f6zel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, ceza infaz kurumlar\u0131na eri\u015fim, dava dosyalar\u0131na ula\u015fma, yarg\u0131 ve kamu kurumlar\u0131yla temas, hukuki yap\u0131 kurma yetene\u011fi ve avukatl\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n toplumda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00fcven; me\u015fru hukuki hizmet i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez imk\u00e2nlard\u0131r. Ancak bu imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn haberle\u015fmesini sa\u011flamak, talimat aktarmak, delilleri etkilemek, su\u00e7 gelirlerini gizlemek, kamu kurumlar\u0131ndan hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bilgi temin etmek veya yarg\u0131sal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi izlenimini pazarlamak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 somut delillerle ortaya konulursa farkl\u0131 bir hukuki de\u011ferlendirme gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken esas mesele avukat\u0131n kimi temsil etti\u011fi de\u011fil, ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, yap\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n avukatl\u0131k mesle\u011fiyle ili\u015fkisinin niteli\u011fi belirlenmelidir. Bir su\u00e7un avukat taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenmesi ile su\u00e7un avukatl\u0131k yoluyla i\u015flenmesi ayn\u0131 olgu de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bu nedenle ki\u015filerden ziyade olgulara\u00a0ve mekanizmalara<\/strong> odaklanmaktad\u0131r. Somut soru\u015fturmalar ve yarg\u0131lamalar, belirli avukatlar\u0131 \u201csu\u00e7lu<\/em>\u201d veya \u201csu\u00e7suz<\/em>\u201d ilan etmek amac\u0131yla de\u011fil; avukatl\u0131k mesle\u011fi ile kriminal yap\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin hangi bi\u00e7imlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini ve bu ili\u015fkinin hangi delillerle kurulabilece\u011fini incelemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Soru\u015fturma, iddianame, tutuklama veya bas\u0131na yans\u0131yan bir isnat kesinle\u015fmi\u015f mahk\u00fbmiyet anlam\u0131na gelmedi\u011finden, somut vakalarda isnad\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 ve yarg\u0131sal a\u015famas\u0131 ayr\u0131ca dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m iki z\u0131t riski ayn\u0131 anda g\u00f6rmeyi gerektirir. Bir tarafta, su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin avukatl\u0131k mesle\u011finin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetki, eri\u015fim, g\u00fcven ve g\u00fcvenceleri kendi faaliyetleri i\u00e7in ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ihtimali bulunmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer tarafta ise avukatlar\u0131n yaln\u0131z temsil ettikleri ki\u015filer, meslek\u00ee temaslar\u0131 veya ola\u011fan savunma faaliyetleri nedeniyle kriminal yap\u0131larla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmesi tehlikesi vard\u0131r. <\/span>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temel sorusu bu iki alan aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r: <\/span>Avukatl\u0131k nerede me\u015fru savunma ve hukuki hizmet olarak kalmakta, nerede ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir kriminal fonksiyona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Su\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Kavram\u0131 ve G\u00fcncel Ceza Hukuku \u00c7er\u00e7evesi<\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu<\/a>‘nun 220. maddesi, kanunun su\u00e7 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiilleri i\u015flemek amac\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fct kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctsel su\u00e7lulu\u011fun \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerini d\u00fczenlemektedir. \u00d6rg\u00fct kurma veya y\u00f6netme, \u00f6rg\u00fcte \u00fcyelik ve \u00f6rg\u00fcte bilerek ve isteyerek yard\u0131m etme birbirinden farkl\u0131 sorumluluk kategorileridir. Avukat\u2013su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ili\u015fkilerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde de bu ayr\u0131mlar korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle TCK<\/a> m.220\/7<\/strong>, \u00f6rg\u00fct i\u00e7indeki hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131ya dahil olmamakla birlikte \u00f6rg\u00fcte bilerek ve isteyerek yard\u0131m eden ki\u015finin \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyesi olarak cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, avukatl\u0131k faaliyeti ile \u00f6rg\u00fcte yard\u0131m aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yabilir. Ancak ki\u015finin bir \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubuna hukuki yard\u0131m sa\u011flamas\u0131 ile su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne ceza hukuku anlam\u0131nda yard\u0131m etmesi ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. \u00d6rg\u00fcte yard\u0131m isnad\u0131n\u0131n, meslek\u00ee faaliyetten ayr\u0131labilen somut bir katk\u0131 ve gerekli manevi unsur \u00fczerinden kurulmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu noktada eski yasal \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik meydana gelmi\u015ftir. TCK<\/a> m.220\/6’da d\u00fczenlenen \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fcte \u00fcye olmamakla birlikte \u00f6rg\u00fct ad\u0131na su\u00e7 i\u015fleme<\/em>\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc, 2024 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik sonras\u0131nda yeniden Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne gelmi\u015f; Mahkeme 5 Kas\u0131m 2024 tarihli E.2024\/81, K.2024\/189 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131yla ilgili d\u00fczenlemeyi iptal etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ptal karar\u0131 9 Ocak 2025 tarihli Resm\u00ee Gazete’de yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve alt\u0131 ay sonra, 9 Temmuz 2025’te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir<\/strong>. Yerine yeni bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, g\u00fcncel de\u011ferlendirmelerde m.220\/6’n\u0131n \u00f6nceki hali y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteymi\u015f gibi hareket edilmemelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avukatlar\u0131n su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fi dosyalar yaln\u0131z TCK<\/a> m.220 ile de s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Somut fiilin niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re r\u00fc\u015fvet, n\u00fcfuz ticareti, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, su\u00e7tan kaynaklanan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin aklanmas\u0131, ki\u015fisel verilerin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ele ge\u00e7irilmesi veya verilmesi, delillere m\u00fcdahale, tehdit ve ba\u015fka su\u00e7 tipleri g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ise TCK<\/a> m.314 ve \u00f6zel ter\u00f6r mevzuat\u0131 ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7e\u015fitlilik \u00f6nemli bir metodolojik sonucu beraberinde getirir: \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fct ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 avukat<\/em>\u201d \u015feklindeki genel bir etiket ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeterli de\u011fildir.<\/strong> \u00d6ncelikle hangi somut fiilin isnat edildi\u011fi, bu fiilin hangi su\u00e7 tipini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, \u00f6rg\u00fctle nas\u0131l ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fi ve avukatl\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n fiilde herhangi bir i\u015flev ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyeli\u011fi ile \u00f6rg\u00fcte yard\u0131m da birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir avukat\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct i\u00e7indeki hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131ya dahil oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131 ile \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n belirli bir davran\u0131\u015fla \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn faaliyetlerine katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu iddias\u0131 farkl\u0131 ispat konular\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlardan herhangi biri de yaln\u0131zca ki\u015finin \u00f6rg\u00fct mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmesinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamaz. <\/span>Bu nedenle ceza hukuku analizinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 ki\u015finin mesle\u011fi de\u011fil, somut fiil ve delildir<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Avukat\u0131n Hukuki Stat\u00fcs\u00fc: Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Savunma, Kamu Hizmeti ve Meslek\u00ee G\u00fcvenceler<\/span><\/h3>\n

Avukat-su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ili\u015fkilerinin do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in avukat\u0131n T\u00fcrk hukukundaki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fru tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 gerekir. 1136 say\u0131l\u0131 Avukatl\u0131k Kanunu<\/a>‘nun 1. maddesine g\u00f6re avukatl\u0131k \u201ckamu hizmeti ve serbest bir meslek<\/em>\u201d<\/strong> olup avukat, yarg\u0131n\u0131n kurucu unsurlar\u0131ndan olan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z savunmay\u0131 serbest\u00e7e temsil eder. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla avukat\u0131n kamu hizmeti g\u00f6rmesi, onun genel olarak bir kamu g\u00f6revlisi veya yarg\u0131sal hiyerar\u015finin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Kanunun vurgusu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z savunmad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yaln\u0131z devlete kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Avukat; mahkemeden, savc\u0131l\u0131ktan, kolluktan, siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7lerden, ekonomik \u00e7evrelerden ve gerekti\u011finde kendi m\u00fcvekkilinden veya m\u00fcvekkilinin ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6rg\u00fctsel yap\u0131dan da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z<\/strong> hareket etmelidir. T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Meslek Kurallar\u0131 da avukat\u0131n meslek\u00ee \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedeleyecek i\u015flerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6zellik organize su\u00e7 dosyalar\u0131nda \u00f6zel \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. M\u00fcdafiin g\u00f6revi bir su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn kolektif \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak de\u011fil, temsil etti\u011fi ki\u015finin haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve hukuki menfaatlerini savunmakt\u0131r. M\u00fcvekkil bir \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubu olsa bile avukat \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn hiyerar\u015fik talimat zincirine dahil olmaz. M\u00fcvekkilin susma hakk\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak, delilleri de\u011ferlendirmek, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 i\u015flemlere itiraz etmek veya tahliye talebinde bulunmak savunma faaliyetidir; \u00f6rg\u00fctsel faaliyetin devam\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avukatl\u0131k ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nemli meslek\u00ee yetki, g\u00fcvence ve eri\u015fim imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 sa\u011flar. Avukat\u0131n dosya ve bilgiye ula\u015fabilmesi, tutuklu veya h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc ki\u015filerle meslek\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapabilmesi, yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 ve kamu kurumlar\u0131 nezdinde i\u015flem takip edebilmesi, m\u00fcvekkil s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131 ve hukuk b\u00fcrosundaki meslek\u00ee materyalin \u00f6zel g\u00fcvencelere tabi olmas\u0131 savunman\u0131n etkinli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gereklidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nitekim Avukatl\u0131k Kanunu<\/a> m.58 ve m.59, avukatlar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerinden do\u011fan veya g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015fledikleri ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma usul\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ceza \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de bu rejimin g\u00f6revle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lara ili\u015fkin oldu\u011funu, \u015fahs\u00ee su\u00e7larda ise avukatlar\u0131n genel h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tabi bulundu\u011funu<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmektedir.\u00a0<\/span>Burada \u00f6nemli bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir fiilin \u201cg\u00f6revden do\u011fmas\u0131 veya g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flenmesi\u201d<\/strong>, \u00f6zel soru\u015fturma usul\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulan\u0131p uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen usul\u00ee bir ba\u011flant\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum, avukat\u0131n mesle\u011fini su\u00e7u ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ara\u00e7 olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendili\u011finden g\u00f6stermez. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle: <\/span>Usul\u00ee Meslek\u00ee Ba\u011flant\u0131 \u2260 Kriminal Meslek\u00ee Ba\u011flant\u0131.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00d6rne\u011fin bir davran\u0131\u015f avukat\u0131n duru\u015fmada, cezaevinde veya hukuk b\u00fcrosunda bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olabilir. Bu, Avukatl\u0131k Kanunu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel usul tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirebilir; fakat avukatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7 mekanizmas\u0131nda i\u015flevsel olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Meslek\u00ee g\u00fcvencelerin amac\u0131 da avukata ki\u015fisel ayr\u0131cal\u0131k sa\u011flamak de\u011fildir. Avukat b\u00fcrolar\u0131n\u0131n aranmas\u0131 ve meslek\u00ee materyale el konulmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6zel kurallar, esas itibar\u0131yla savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131, avukat\u2013m\u00fcvekkil ili\u015fkisinin gizlili\u011fini ve soru\u015fturmayla ilgisi olmayan di\u011fer m\u00fcvekkillerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 korur. Avukatl\u0131k Kanunu<\/a> m.58 ile CMK m.130 \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki bu g\u00fcvenceler, mahkeme karar\u0131, savc\u0131 denetimi ve baro temsilcisinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 gibi \u00f6zel \u015fartlar \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 13 No’lu Genelgesi de bu usul\u00fc ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte meslek\u00ee g\u00fcvenceler su\u00e7 i\u015fleme ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Avukat\u0131n meslek\u00ee eri\u015fimini, gizlili\u011fini veya hukuk b\u00fcrosunu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir kriminal faaliyet i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 somut delillerle ortaya konulursa soru\u015fturma yap\u0131labilir; ancak bunun kanunun avukatl\u0131k ve savunma hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc usule uygun bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avukat\u0131n etik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri de bu hukuki stat\u00fcn\u00fcn tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 unsurudur. Avukatl\u0131k Kanunu m.34, avukatlar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerini \u00f6zen, do\u011fruluk ve onur i\u00e7inde yerine getirmelerini ve avukatl\u0131k unvan\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi sayg\u0131 ve g\u00fcvene uygun davranmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. TBB Meslek Kurallar\u0131 ise avukat\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131n\u0131, mesle\u011fe g\u00fcveni sa\u011flayacak bi\u00e7imde davranmas\u0131n\u0131 ve mesle\u011fin itibar\u0131n\u0131 zedeleyecek davran\u0131\u015flardan \u00f6zel hayat\u0131nda da ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak buradan avukat\u0131n siyasi veya toplumsal bak\u0131mdan \u201ctarafs\u0131z<\/em>\u201d olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamaz. Avukat\u0131n sahip olmas\u0131 gereken temel nitelik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r<\/strong>. Siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f sahibi olmak, kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131lmak veya hukukun izin verdi\u011fi siyasi faaliyetlerde bulunmak kendi ba\u015f\u0131na meslek eti\u011fi ihlali de\u011fildir. Etik de\u011ferlendirme, somut davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n meslek\u00ee ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcveni veya mesle\u011fin gereklerini ger\u00e7ekten etkileyip etkilemedi\u011fi \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Avukat\u2013Su\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u0130li\u015fkisinin D\u00f6rt Temel G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/span><\/h3>\n

Kamuoyuna yans\u0131yan vakalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda birbirinden farkl\u0131 ili\u015fkiler ayn\u0131 \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fct avukat\u0131<\/em>\u201d etiketi alt\u0131nda toplanmaktad\u0131r. Oysa sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir analiz i\u00e7in en az d\u00f6rt temel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Birinci g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, me\u015fru hukuki temsil ili\u015fkisidir.<\/strong> Avukat su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc y\u00f6neticisi veya mensubu oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen bir ki\u015fiyi savunabilir. \u00c7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubunu ayn\u0131 b\u00fcro veya koordineli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan avukatlar temsil edebilir. Savunma stratejilerinin benzemesi de dosyan\u0131n ortak hukuki ve maddi \u00f6zelliklerinden kaynaklanabilir. Bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6rg\u00fctsel faaliyet de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, avukat\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctle \u015fahs\u00ee veya \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Avukat\u0131n bir \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubuyla ailevi, sosyal, ekonomik, siyasi veya ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fisel ili\u015fkisinin bulunmas\u0131 yahut kendisinin \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyeli\u011fi veya \u00f6rg\u00fcte yard\u0131m gibi bir su\u00e7la itham edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak burada da avukatl\u0131k mesle\u011finin su\u00e7 mekanizmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131ca ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, avukat\u0131n mesle\u011finden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kriminal faaliyetidir.<\/strong> Bir ki\u015finin avukat olmas\u0131, i\u015fledi\u011fi veya i\u015fledi\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen her su\u00e7u \u201cavukatl\u0131k yoluyla i\u015flenen su\u00e7<\/em>\u201d haline getirmez. Avukat\u0131n ki\u015fisel ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7erisinde \u015fiddet, tehdit, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, uyu\u015fturucu veya ba\u015fka bir su\u00e7la itham edilmesi, meslek\u00ee kapasitenin kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u015fahs\u00ee kriminalite alan\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Fiilin bir su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 dahi bu sonucu tek ba\u015f\u0131na de\u011fi\u015ftirmez.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm ise avukatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kriminal ama\u00e7la ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131n merkezindeki olgu budur. Avukat\u0131n meslek\u00ee s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 cezaevi eri\u015fimi, dosya bilgisi, gizlilik, hukuk b\u00fcrosu, yarg\u0131 ve kamu kurumlar\u0131yla temas, \u015firket ve malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rma bilgisi, m\u00fcvekkil hesab\u0131, meslek\u00ee itibar veya g\u00fcven gibi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn faaliyetlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak, gizlemek, s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek veya riskini azaltmak amac\u0131yla bilin\u00e7li bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde Kriminal Meslek\u00ee Ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong> g\u00fcndeme gelir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6rt g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm aras\u0131ndaki fark \u015fu k\u0131sa form\u00fclle ifade edilebilir: <\/span>Avukat olmak \u2260 \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubunu savunmak \u2260 \u00f6rg\u00fctle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmak \u2260 avukatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct i\u00e7in kullanmak. <\/strong>Bu ayr\u0131m yaln\u0131z avukatlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in gerekli de\u011fildir. Organize su\u00e7la etkili m\u00fccadele bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Her avukat-\u00f6rg\u00fct temas\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 kategoride de\u011ferlendirilmesi, ger\u00e7ekten meslek\u00ee ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131rma bulunan vakalar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez hale getirir. Su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn avukata neden ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu ve avukat\u0131n hangi kapasitesinin kriminal de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak bu kategoriler ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anla\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Avukatl\u0131k Mesle\u011fi ile Su\u00e7 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Aras\u0131ndaki Ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n Niteli\u011fi<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bir avukat\u0131n su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcyle ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fi her olayda \u201cba\u011flant\u0131<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n ne ifade etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt ba\u011flant\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle yararl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Meslek\u00ee Ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong>, ki\u015finin olayla avukat s\u0131fat\u0131 veya avukatl\u0131k faaliyeti \u00fczerinden temas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bir \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubunu temsil etmek, cezaevine m\u00fcdafi olarak girmek, dava dosyas\u0131n\u0131 incelemek veya hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k vermek meslek\u00ee ba\u011flant\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir. Ancak bu ba\u011flant\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na su\u00e7 de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6rg\u00fctsel Ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong>, avukat ile su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc aras\u0131nda \u00fcyelik, yard\u0131m, hiyerar\u015fik ili\u015fki, s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6steren irtibat veya ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ili\u015fkinin bulundu\u011fu iddias\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ki\u015finin avukat olmas\u0131ndan veya \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubunu temsil etmesinden de\u011fil, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ili\u015fkiyi g\u00f6steren ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z delillerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015flevsel Ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong>, avukat\u0131n belirli bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ne i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgular. Bilgi aktarmak, haberle\u015fme sa\u011flamak, para ta\u015f\u0131mak, malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmak, kamu g\u00f6revlisine eri\u015fmek, delilleri etkilemek veya \u00f6rg\u00fct mensuplar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki koordinasyonu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek gibi bir fonksiyonun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00fczlemde incelenir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kriminal Meslek\u00ee Ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong> ise daha dar ve daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kavramd\u0131r. Burada yaln\u0131z avukat ile \u00f6rg\u00fct aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki bulunmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir; avukatl\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetki, eri\u015fim, bilgi, g\u00fcven, gizlilik veya hukuki ara\u00e7lar\u0131n kriminal mekanizmada i\u015flevsel bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ayr\u0131mlar \u00f6zellikle kamuoyunda \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fct avukat\u0131<\/em>\u201d veya \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn avukat yap\u0131lanmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d gibi ifadelerin kolayl\u0131kla kullan\u0131labildi\u011fi dosyalarda \u00f6nemlidir. Bir su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcyelerini d\u00fczenli olarak temsil eden avukatlar bulunmas\u0131, hatta ayn\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctle ilgili \u00e7ok say\u0131da dosyan\u0131n belirli avukatlar taraf\u0131ndan takip edilmesi, tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn kriminal yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir \u201cavukat yap\u0131lanmas\u0131\u201d<\/em> bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez. B\u00f6yle bir sonuca ula\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in avukatlar\u0131n hukuki temsil d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn faaliyetlerine hangi i\u015flevi sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde avukat\u0131n meslek\u00ee ve kurumsal sosyal sermayesi<\/strong> de ayr\u0131ca dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Avukatlar\u0131n h\u00e2kimler, savc\u0131lar, adliye personeli, kolluk g\u00f6revlileri, noterler, bankalar, tapu m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fckleri, ticaret sicilleri ve ba\u015fka kamu veya \u00f6zel kurumlarla meslekleri gere\u011fi temas kurmalar\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131r. Bu ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na kriminal ba\u011flant\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak ayn\u0131 a\u011f\u0131n soru\u015fturma bilgisi temin etmek, kamu g\u00f6revlisine hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ula\u015fmak, su\u00e7 gelirlerinin izini gizlemek veya \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn yakalanma riskini azaltmak i\u00e7in bilin\u00e7li olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde meslek\u00ee sosyal sermaye kriminal de\u011fer kazanabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde avukat\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte h\u00e2kim, savc\u0131, kamu g\u00f6revlisi, siyasi akt\u00f6r veya ba\u015fka etkili bir g\u00f6revde bulunmu\u015f olmas\u0131 da tek ba\u015f\u0131na kriminal ba\u011flant\u0131 olu\u015fturmaz. Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, bu stat\u00fcn\u00fcn veya ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n somut fiilde hangi i\u015flevi yerine getirdi\u011fidir<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle ba\u011flant\u0131 analizinde temel soru: <\/span>\u201cAvukat \u00f6rg\u00fctle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 m\u0131?\u201d de\u011fil, \u201cAvukat\u0131n hangi davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, hangi meslek\u00ee kapasite \u00fczerinden, \u00f6rg\u00fcte hangi somut de\u011feri sa\u011flad\u0131?\u201d olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

6. Su\u00e7luluk K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc: Me\u015fru Faaliyet Ne Zaman Su\u00e7 faaliyetine D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr?<\/span><\/h3>\n

Avukat\u2013su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ili\u015fkilerindeki en g\u00fc\u00e7 meselelerden biri, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte ola\u011fan bir avukatl\u0131k faaliyetinin hangi noktada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kriminal faaliyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesidir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada bu ge\u00e7i\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in Kriminalite K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong> kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Temel model \u015f\u00f6yledir: <\/span>Ola\u011fan meslek\u00ee faaliyet \u2192 ? \u2192 kriminal faaliyet <\/strong>Buradaki \u201c?\u201d<\/strong>, analizin en \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Avukat\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemin meslek\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 otomatik olarak hukuka uygun hale getirmedi\u011fi gibi; davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir ortamda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi de onu otomatik olarak su\u00e7 haline getirmez. \u0130ki alan aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015fin somut delillerle g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekir. <\/span>\u00d6rne\u011fin: <\/span><\/p>\n