{"id":24590,"date":"2023-02-07T17:39:23","date_gmt":"2023-02-07T14:39:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=24590"},"modified":"2023-04-01T17:06:10","modified_gmt":"2023-04-01T14:06:10","slug":"deprem-can-ve-mal-kayiplarinin-tazmini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/deprem-can-ve-mal-kayiplarinin-tazmini\/","title":{"rendered":"Deprem can ve mal kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n tazmini"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00dclkemizde en s\u0131k rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve etki bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da en geni\u015f afet, depremler olup \u00fclkemiz d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en aktif deprem ku\u015faklar\u0131ndan birinin \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizde bir\u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 deprem olmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kahramanmara\u015f’ta 6 \u015eubat Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc 7,7 ve 7,6 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde iki ayr\u0131 deprem meydana geldi. Merkez \u00fcss\u00fc Pazarc\u0131k il\u00e7esi olan ve saat 04.17 meydana gelen ilk depremin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn 7,7 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. \u0130lk depremin ard\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn saat 13.24’te merkez \u00fcss\u00fc Elbistan il\u00e7esi olan 7,6 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ikinci bir deprem daha meydana geldi. Ana depremler ve art\u00e7\u0131 depremler toplam 10 il birden \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde etkilendi. Kahramanmara\u015f ve Hatay ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Kilis, Diyarbak\u0131r, Adana, Osmaniye, Gaziantep, \u015eanl\u0131urfa, Ad\u0131yaman ve Malatya illerinde deprem b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131ma, can ve mal kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.\u00a0Depremlerin \u00fclkemizin bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi oldu\u011fu ve gelecekte de olmaya devam edece\u011fi bir maalesef bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Deprem nedir?<\/span><\/h3>\n

Deprem nedir? \u00d6ncelikle ifade etmek gerekir ki deprem ciddi can ve mal kay\u0131plar\u0131na sebebiyet verebilme potansiyeline sahip bir do\u011fa olay\u0131d\u0131r. Deprem s\u00f6zl\u00fckte \u201cyer kabu\u011funun derin katmanlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi veya yanarda\u011flar\u0131n p\u00fcsk\u00fcrme durumuna ge\u00e7mesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden olu\u015fan sars\u0131nt\u0131, yer sars\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, hareket, zelzele\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Yine deprem, yerkabu\u011fu i\u00e7indeki k\u0131r\u0131lmalar sebebiyle ani olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan titre\u015fimlerin dalgalar halinde yay\u0131larak ge\u00e7tikleri ortamlar\u0131 ve yery\u00fczeyini sarsmas\u0131 olay\u0131 olarak tarif edilmektedir4. Benzer bir \u015fekilde depremin \u201cyerk\u00fcre \u00fczerindeki k\u0131r\u0131k (fay) d\u00fczlemleri \u00fczerinde biriken bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirme enerjisinin aniden bo\u015falmas\u0131 sonucunda meydana gelen yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme hareketinden kaynaklanan titre\u015fimlerin dalgalar halinde ge\u00e7tikleri ortamlar\u0131 ve yery\u00fczeyini sarsmas\u0131 olay\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu ifade edilmektedir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Depremle ilgili yasal Mevzuat;<\/span><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. 7269 say\u0131l\u0131 Umumi Hayata M\u00fcessir Afetler Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Al\u0131nacak Tedbirlerle Yap\u0131lacak Yard\u0131mlara Dair Kanun,<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. 4123 say\u0131l\u0131 Tabii Afet Nedeniyle Meydana Gelen Hasar ve Tahribata \u0130li\u015fkin Hizmetlerin Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine Dair Kanun,<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. 6305 say\u0131l\u0131 Afet Sigortalar\u0131 Kanunu,<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. 4539 say\u0131l\u0131 Do\u011fal Afet B\u00f6lgelerinde Afetten kaynaklanan Hukuki Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne ve Baz\u0131 \u0130\u015flemlerin Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararnamenin Kabul\u00fc Hakk\u0131nda Kanun,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    dan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Deprem ile ilgili ikincil mevzuat ise;<\/span><\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. Afetlerin Genel Hayata Etkilili\u011fine \u0130li\u015fkin Temel Kurallar Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik,<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Afet Sebebiyle Hak Sahibi Olanlar\u0131n Tespiti Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik,<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. Afet Sebebiyle Yap\u0131lan ve Yap\u0131lacak Olan Binalar\u0131n Bor\u00e7land\u0131rma Bedellerinden Yap\u0131lacak \u0130ndirimler Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik,<\/span><\/li>\n
    4. Afetler Sebebiyle Edinilen Bina Arsa ve Arazilerden Arta Kalanlar\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesine Dair Y\u00f6netmelik,<\/span><\/li>\n
    5. Zorunlu Deprem Sigortas\u0131 Tarife ve Talimat Tebli\u011fi,<\/span><\/li>\n
    6. Zorunlu Deprem Sigortas\u0131 Genel \u015eartlar\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      dan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Depremzedelere sa\u011flanan kolayl\u0131klar<\/span><\/h3>\n

      Deprem afetzedelerine ve vekili avukatlara baz\u0131 kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, afet b\u00f6lgelerinde afetten kaynaklanan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin; vekaletname aranmamas\u0131, delil tespitlerinin \u00f6ncelikle yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve\u00a0adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanma kolayl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Hasar tespiti<\/span><\/h3>\n

      Bir deprem sonras\u0131 arama kurtarma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oranda tamamlanmas\u0131ndan itibaren hasar tespit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131r. Afetin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00e7evre illerden ya da t\u00fcm illerden in\u015faat m\u00fchendisi ve mimarlar g\u00f6revlendirilerek bu tespitler yapt\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tespitler sonucu binalara y\u0131k\u0131k, a\u011f\u0131r hasarl\u0131, orta hasarl\u0131, az hasarl\u0131 ve hasars\u0131z sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Hak sahipli\u011fi<\/span><\/h3>\n

      Deprem sonras\u0131 en \u00f6nemli husus hak sahipli\u011fi kurumudur. Devlet, hak sahibi olanlara bina yapmakta ya da in\u015faat kredisi vermektedir. Mevzuata g\u00f6re kimler hak sahibi olamaz?<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • E\u015fya Hukuku anlam\u0131nda ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n arazisine yap\u0131 yapanlar,<\/span><\/li>\n
      • M\u00fclkiyeti t\u00fczel ki\u015filere ait olan binalar,<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Hak sahibi ebeveyniyle birlikte oturan evli ki\u015filer,<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Kendisine veya e\u015fine ait o yerde ba\u015fka daire veya binas\u0131 olanlar,<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Kendisine veya e\u015fine ait o yerde ba\u015fka i\u015fyeri olanlar hak sahibi olamazlar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Hak sahibi olabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle afetzedenin evinin oturulamayacak derecede a\u011f\u0131r hasarl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu \u015farta ilave olarak;<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Ebeveynine ait ba\u015fka bir konutta ebeveyninden ayr\u0131 olarak oturmakta olan ki\u015filer,<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Elbirli\u011fiyle veya payl\u0131 malik olunan konutlarda hisseler korunarak,<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Elbirli\u011fiyle veya payl\u0131 malik olunan binalarda aile say\u0131s\u0131 kadar,<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Hem konutu hem de i\u015fyeri zarar g\u00f6renler hak sahibidirler,<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitiren afetzedenin hak sahipli\u011fine ili\u015fkin haklar\u0131 kendilerinin ve e\u015flerinin konutlar\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131lara ge\u00e7er.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Devir ve de\u011fi\u015fim yasa\u011f\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

          Hak sahipli\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bir husus da devir ve de\u011fi\u015fim yasa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Hak sahipli\u011fi, ili\u015fkin bulundu\u011fu afet veya konuta g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcm ifade eder. Buna g\u00f6re konut i\u00e7in olan hak sahipli\u011fi i\u015fyeriyle, i\u015fyeri i\u00e7in olan hak sahipli\u011fi konutla de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez. Afetzedeli\u011fin ve buna ili\u015fkin hak sahipli\u011finin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye devri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Afetten zarar g\u00f6ren bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal\u0131, afetten sonra sat\u0131\u015f veya ba\u015fka \u015fekillerle devralan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar da hak sahibi niteli\u011fini kazanamazlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

          Zorunlu deprem sigortas\u0131 (DASK)<\/span><\/h3>\n

          6305 say\u0131l\u0131 Afet Sigortalar\u0131 Kanununa g\u00f6re kurulan, k\u0131sa ve yayg\u0131n bilinen ad\u0131 DASK olan kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi bulunan Do\u011fal Afet Sigortalar\u0131 Kurumu \u00fclkemizde zorunlu deprem sigortas\u0131 edindirme, uygulama ve y\u00f6netimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sorumlu tek kurulu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n

          DASK\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015funu da sa\u011flayan bu yasan\u0131n amac\u0131; binalarda deprem sonucu meydana gelebilecek maddi zararlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 teminen yapt\u0131r\u0131lacak zorunlu deprem sigortas\u0131 ile sigorta \u015firketlerince teminat verilemeyen veya teminat verilmesinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler bulunan \u00e7e\u015fitli afetler ve riskler sonucu meydana gelebilecek maddi ve bedeni zararlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanabilmesini teminen sunulacak sigorta ve reas\u00fcrans teminatlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar\u0131 belirlemektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

          7269 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa 29\/son f\u0131kras\u0131 zorunlu deprem sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmam\u0131\u015f olmay\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir yapt\u0131r\u0131ma ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re DASK, do\u011fru kullan\u0131mla zorunlu deprem sigortas\u0131 yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi halinde Devletin 7269 ve di\u011fer mevzuattan kaynaklanan kredi a\u00e7ma ve konut yapma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri<\/strong> sona eriyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

          Zorunlu deprem sigortas\u0131 kapsam\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

          Uygulamada zorunlu deprem sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131ran ki\u015filer, \u00f6rne\u011fin 2.250.000-TL de\u011ferinde g\u00f6sterilen evlerinin depremde y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda b\u00f6yle bir mebla\u011f\u0131n kurum taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denece\u011fi yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmektedirler. Bu yanl\u0131\u015f bir beklentidir. Zorunlu deprem sigortas\u0131na dahil olmayan teminatlar \u015f\u00f6yledir;<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • Enkaz kald\u0131rma masraflar\u0131, kar kayb\u0131, i\u015f durmas\u0131, kira mahrumiyeti, alternatif ikametgah ve i\u015fyeri masraflar\u0131, mali sorumluluklar ve benzeri dolayl\u0131 zararlar,<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal, e\u015fya ve benzerleri,<\/span><\/li>\n
          • \u00d6l\u00fcm dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm bedeni zararlar,<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Manevi tazminat talepleri,<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Deprem ve deprem sonucu olu\u015fan yang\u0131n, infilak, dev dalga (tsunami) veya yer kaymas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan hasarlar,<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Belirli bir deprem hadisesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n binan\u0131n kendi kusur ve \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle zamanla olu\u015fan zararlar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Bu zararlar teminata dahil de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Sigorta bedeli tespitinde kullan\u0131lan form\u00fcl \u015f\u00f6yledir;<\/span><\/p>\n

            Sigorta bedeli=Meskenin br\u00fct y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc x Yap\u0131 tarz\u0131 i\u00e7in belirlenen m2\u00a0bedeli<\/span><\/p>\n

            Gizli Ay\u0131p<\/span><\/h3>\n

            DASK\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda s\u0131f\u0131r bina alanlar haklar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteahhitlerden de talep edebilir. M\u00fcteahhitler teslimden itibaren 5 y\u0131l boyunca \u00fcretim hatalar\u0131ndan t\u00fcketiciye kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludur. Boru patlarsa, \u00e7at\u0131 akarsa yapmak zorundad\u0131r. Ancak bunun yan\u0131nda in\u015faat, projeye uygun yap\u0131lmad\u0131ysa veya firma vaat etti\u011fi kalitede malzeme kullanmad\u0131ysa \u00f6zellikle statik projede yer alan ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 unsurlar\u0131 tam olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmediyse bu defa sorumluluk bina \u00f6m\u00fcr boyunca s\u00fcrer. Evi 20 y\u0131l \u00f6nce alan da \u2018gizli ay\u0131p\u2019 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hakk\u0131n\u0131 arayabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc vatanda\u015f betonunun kalitesini, demirin cinsini \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle bak\u0131p anlayamaz. E\u011fer s\u0131f\u0131r ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bina depremde hasar g\u00f6rd\u00fcyse \u00f6nce belediyeye risk ve hasar durumunu tespit ettirmeli, ertesinde ilgili firmaya ihtarname g\u00f6nderilmelidir. Tespit a\u015famas\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka yol da Sulh Hukuk Mahkemesi\u2019ne ba\u015fvurmak. \u0130htarname sonras\u0131 hak talebi i\u00e7in arabulucuya ba\u015fvurmak gerekir. Arabulucuda sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmezse har\u00e7 \u00f6demeden t\u00fcketici mahkemesinde dava a\u00e7\u0131labilir. Vatanda\u015f DASK\u2019tan talep edemedi\u011fi k\u0131r\u0131lan e\u015fya, hasar nedeniyle otelde konaklama, ge\u00e7ici ikamet kiras\u0131 ve i\u015f kayb\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok gider kalemini de ilgili firmadan isteyebilir. Ancak firma iflas etmi\u015f veya ortadan kaybolmu\u015fsa maalesef bu noktada t\u00fcketicinin bir sonuca ula\u015fmas\u0131 pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/span><\/h3>\n

            Depremden hasars\u0131z, az hasarl\u0131, orta hasarl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan bir binan\u0131n riskli oldu\u011fu ilgili kurulu\u015flarca tespit edilirse 6306 say\u0131l\u0131 yasan\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm imkanlardan faydalan\u0131larak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Riskli konutunu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek isteyen malikler; yap\u0131lacak olan i\u015flem, s\u00f6zle\u015fme, devir ve tesciller ile uygulamalar, noter harc\u0131, tapu harc\u0131, belediyelerce al\u0131nan har\u00e7lar, damga vergisi, veraset ve intikal vergisi, d\u00f6ner sermaye \u00fccreti ve di\u011fer \u00fccretlerden; kulland\u0131r\u0131lan krediler sebebiyle lehe al\u0131nacak paralar ise banka ve sigorta muameleleri vergisinden m\u00fcstesnad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

            A\u00e7\u0131labilecek davalar<\/span><\/h3>\n

            Ta\u015f\u0131nmazlara ili\u015fkin eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde TBK 478 h\u00fckm\u00fcne g\u00f6re\u00a0y\u00fcklenicinin a\u011f\u0131r kusuru<\/strong> varsa, ay\u0131pl\u0131 eserin niteli\u011fine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n ancak yirmi y\u0131l\u0131n ge\u00e7mesiyle zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011framaktad\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131r kusur durumunun s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu hallerde buna ili\u015fkin dava a\u00e7mak gerekmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0130mar Kanunu 39 gere\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131lacak derecede tehlikeli yap\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda gereken \u00f6nlemlerin belediye ve valilik\u00e7e yerine getirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya giren yap\u0131lar nedeniyle zarar g\u00f6renler hizmet kusuru<\/strong> nedeniyle \u0130dari Yarg\u0131ya ba\u015fvurabilirler.<\/span><\/p>\n

            7269\u00a0say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ve 6306 say\u0131l\u0131 yasalar nedeniyle de istisnalar hari\u00e7 \u0130dari Yarg\u0131ya ba\u015fvurulabilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Hak Sahibi listesinde yer almama, hak sahibi say\u0131lmama durumlar\u0131nda da gerekli itirazlardan sonra \u0130dari Yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7\u0131labilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u0130stisnalar hari\u00e7 depremzedeler hakk\u0131nda uygulanabilecek idari i\u015flemlere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin durdurulmas\u0131 talep edilebilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Yukar\u0131da DASK konusunda belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere deprem nedeniyle ya\u015fanmas\u0131 muhtemel hak kay\u0131plar\u0131 i\u00e7in ileride a\u00e7\u0131lacak davalara temel olu\u015fturmak ad\u0131na Sulh Hukuk Mahkemesi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla delil tespiti<\/strong> yapt\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131nda sorumlu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz ki\u015filer hakk\u0131nda su\u00e7 duyurusunda bulunulabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Gerekli \u015fartlar sa\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra Anayasa Mahkemesine bireysel ba\u015fvuru yoluna da gidilebilmektedir. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019ne de farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerden deprem nedeniyle u\u011franan zararlar nedeniyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fvurular bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ki mahkemenin de k\u00f6keninde deprem olan az olmayan say\u0131da i\u00e7tihat niteli\u011finde kararlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Hizmet kusuru<\/span><\/h3>\n

            Hizmet kusuru \u201cidarenin kurulu\u015funda, d\u00fczenlenmesinde ve i\u015fleyi\u015finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u2018bozukluk\u2019, \u2018aksakl\u0131k\u2019 veya \u2018bo\u015fluk<\/em>\u2019 olarak tarif edilmektedir. Hukukumuzda hizmetin \u201chi\u00e7 i\u015flememesi\u201d, \u201cge\u00e7 i\u015flemesi\u201d veya \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015flemesi<\/em>\u201d hizmet kusuru olarak de\u011ferlendirilmekte idarenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zarar\u0131 tazmin etmesi gerekmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u201c\u2026Anayasan\u0131n 125. maddesinde, idarelerin kendi i\u015flem ve eylemlerinden do\u011fan zarar\u0131 \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131n\u0131n kurala ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamu idarelerinin yasalarla kendilerine verilen kamu hizmetini gere\u011fi gibi yerine getirmek, i\u015fleyi\u015fini s\u00fcrekli denetlemek ve gerekti\u011finde \u00f6nlem almak zorunda olduklar\u0131, kamu hizmetinin ge\u00e7 i\u015flemesi, k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015flemesi veya hi\u00e7 i\u015flememesi\u00a0 gibi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n hizmet kusuru olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, idarenin bu t\u00fcr hizmet kusuru say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan do\u011fan zararlar\u0131 tazmin sorumlulu\u011funun bulundu\u011fu\u2026<\/em>\u201d. D.10.D. Karar Tarihi: 25.02.1998, E. 1996\/4292, K. 1998\/833; \u201cAnayasan\u0131n 125. maddesinde, idarenin kendi eylem ve i\u015flemlerinden do\u011fan zararlar\u0131 \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130darenin y\u00fcr\u00fctmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu bir hizmetin kurulu\u015funda, d\u00fczenleni\u015finde veya i\u015fleyi\u015findeki nesnel nitelikli bozukluk, aksakl\u0131k veya bo\u015fluk olarak tan\u0131mlanabilen hizmet kusuru; hizmetin k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015flemesi, ge\u00e7 i\u015flemesi veya hi\u00e7 i\u015flememesi hallerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekte ve idarenin tazmin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d D.10.D. Karar Tarihi: 13.07.2010, E. 2007\/6322, K. 2010\/5981; \u201c\u0130darenin y\u00fcr\u00fctmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu bir hizmetin kurulu\u015funda, d\u00fczenleni\u015finde veya i\u015fleyi\u015findeki nesnel bozukluk, aksakl\u0131k veya bo\u015fluk olarak tan\u0131mlanabilen hizmet kusuru; hizmetin k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015flemesi, ge\u00e7 i\u015flemesi veya hi\u00e7 i\u015flememesi hallerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekte ve idarenin tazmin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/em>\u201dD.10.D.,Karar Tarihi: 16.12.2003, E. 2002\/7475, K. 2003\/5193; \u201cKamu hizmetinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bireylerin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel ve ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 zararlar\u0131n tazmini gerekmekte olup, bu ilke idarenin kendi eylem ve i\u015flemlerinden do\u011fan zarar\u0131 \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki Anayasa h\u00fckm\u00fcnde ifadesini bulmaktad\u0131r. \u0130darenin y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte oldu\u011fu bir hizmetin kurulu\u015funda, d\u00fczenleni\u015finde veya i\u015fleyi\u015findeki nesnel nitelikli bozukluk, aksakl\u0131k veya bo\u015fluk olarak tan\u0131mlanabilen hizmet kusuru; hizmetin k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015flemesi, ge\u00e7 i\u015flemesi veya hi\u00e7 i\u015flememesi hallerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekte ve idarenin tazmin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. \u0130dare personelinin kusurunun da idarenin hizmet kusuru kapsam\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/em>\u201dD. 10. D., Karar tarihi: 20.11.2007, E. 2005\/7545, K. 2007\/5333.<\/span><\/p>\n

            M\u00fccbir sebep<\/span><\/h3>\n

            M\u00fccbir sebep (force majeure) kavram\u0131 olduk\u00e7a eski hukuksal kavramlardan biridir. M\u00fccbir sebep gerek kamu hukukunda gerekse \u00f6zel hukukta hem kusurlu sorumlulu\u011fu hem de kusursuz sorumlulu\u011fu bertaraf etmektedir. M\u00fccbir sebep \u00f6nceden tahmin edilmesi ve kar\u015f\u0131 konulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan olaylard\u0131r. Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130dari Dava Daireleri Kurulu m\u00fccbir sebebi \u201ck\u00f6keni, do\u011fal, sosyal ve hukuki olmas\u0131 itibariyle failin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan, fail taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nlenme olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan, \u00f6nceden takdir ve tahmin edilemeyen olaylar\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. M\u00fccbir sebep olarak nitelendirilen olay do\u011fal, sosyal, hukuki veya insan kaynakl\u0131 olabilmektedir. M\u00fccbir sebep say\u0131lan olaylar genellikle tabii olaylard\u0131r. Fakat yukar\u0131da da ifade edildi\u011fi gibi m\u00fccbir sebep te\u015fkil eden olaylar sadece do\u011fal olaylar de\u011fildir. Deprem, heyelan, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmesi, sel, kas\u0131rga, bora, hortum, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011fmur veya kar, don, kurakl\u0131k vs. gibi olaylar \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d olaylara; darbe, sava\u015f, ihtilal, ayaklanma, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlarda ya\u011fmac\u0131l\u0131k vs. gibi olaylar \u201cbe\u015feri\u201d olaylara; siyasi amaca y\u00f6nelik olarak yap\u0131lan genel grev, ithalat veya ihracat yasaklamalar\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u201chukuki\u201d olaylara \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda ve doktrinde bir olay\u0131n m\u00fccbir sebep say\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in \u201cd\u0131\u015fsall\u0131k, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemezlik, kar\u015f\u0131 konulamazl\u0131k\u201d unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir deprem hadisesinin m\u00fccbir sebep olarak kabul edilebilmesi i\u00e7in say\u0131lan bu \u015fartlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor olmas\u0131 zorunludur.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            Dan\u0131\u015ftay karar\u0131nda; \u201cBir idari i\u015flem veya bir idari s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin uygulanmas\u0131 durumunda olmayan, idarenin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc faaliyetlerinden veya hareketsiz kalmas\u0131ndan, ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n\u0131n veya tesislerinin y\u00f6netiminden dolay\u0131 olu\u015fan zararlar\u0131 idari eylem sonucu olu\u015fan zarar ve buna yola\u00e7an eylemi de sonu\u00e7 olarak idari eylem kavram\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekmektedir. Deprem nedeniyle olu\u015ftu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen zararlar\u0131n tazmini istemiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan<\/strong> bu davada, yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu zeminin \u00f6zelli\u011fi, zemin durumuna g\u00f6re depreme dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc, yap\u0131 kullanma izni bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, imar planlar\u0131 ve in\u015faat ruhsatlar\u0131n\u0131n hangi idarelerce yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve verildi\u011fi, yap\u0131lar\u0131n imar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan denetlenmesi, afete u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve u\u011frayabilecek b\u00f6lgeler ile yap\u0131 ve ikamet i\u00e7in yasaklanm\u0131\u015f afet b\u00f6lgelerinin tespit ve ilan edilip edilmedi\u011fi, afet b\u00f6lgelerinde yap\u0131lacak yap\u0131larla ilgili kurallar\u0131, yap\u0131 tekniklerini, projelendirme esaslar\u0131n\u0131, \u00fclkenin deprem haritalar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamak konusunda idarelerin \u00fczerlerine d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6rev ve yetkileri yerine getirip getirmedi\u011fi, denetim ve kontrol g\u00f6revlerini yap\u0131p yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 irdelenmeli ve idarece gerekli \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131n\u0131p al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmeli ve bunun sonucuna g\u00f6re; idarenin belli bir hareket tarz\u0131 izleyip izlemedi\u011fi veya hareketsiz kal\u0131p kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Olaya bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131nca yukar\u0131da yap\u0131lan belirleme sonucu olayda idarelerin hareketsizli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu olmakla \u00f6\u011fretide de kabul edildi\u011fi gibi idarenin bu hareketsizli\u011finin \u2018olumsuz eylem\u2019 olarak kabul\u00fc<\/strong> gerekmektedir. M\u00fccbir sebep, sezilemeyen ve kar\u015f\u0131 konulamayan bir olay\u0131 ifade eder. Bu sebep, zarar\u0131 idareye y\u00fcklenebilir olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karan ve zararla idari faaliyet aras\u0131ndaki illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesen d\u0131\u015f bir etken olarak do\u011fal, toplumsal veya hukuki bir olaydan kaynaklanabilir. Sezilemezlik, kar\u015f\u0131 konulamazl\u0131k, kusursuzluk ve ger\u00e7eklik halleri m\u00fccbir sebebin ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6\u011felerini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Deprem ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda yer alan b\u00f6lgede, deprem ger\u00e7e\u011finin bir veri al\u0131nmas\u0131 suretiyle yerle\u015fmelerle ilgili alanlar\u0131n belirlenmesi, bu alanlardaki yap\u0131la\u015fmaya ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131, uygulanmas\u0131 ve denetlenmesiyle ilgili idari faaliyetlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcndeki olumsuzluklardan olu\u015fan idarenin \u2018olumsuz eyleminin\u2019 bulunmas\u0131 durumunda, depremin m\u00fccbir sebep olarak de\u011ferlendirilerek zararla illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesti\u011fini kabule olanak bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/strong> Bu durumda, Mahkemece u\u011fran\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen zarar\u0131n olu\u015fumunda idarenin hizmet kusuru bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi sonucu bir karar verilmesi gerekirken depreminin m\u00fccbir sebep kabul edilerek zararla idari faaliyet aras\u0131ndaki nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddi yolundaki kararda isabet g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir<\/em>\u201d. (<\/span>D.11.D., Karar Tarihi:29.06.2007, E. 2005\/1353, K. 2007\/6248)<\/span><\/p>\n

            Bu karardan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere deprem ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda yer alan bir b\u00f6lgede y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen faaliyetlerde idarenin depreme kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u0130dare bu konuda gerekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, kontrolleri, denetlemeleri yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde m\u00fccbir sebep bahanesine dayanarak sorumluluktan kurtulamayacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Yap\u0131lar\u0131 denetleme g\u00f6rev ve yetkisi<\/span><\/h3>\n

            Belediye, m\u00fclki idare amirleri ile \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na afet b\u00f6lgelerindeki yap\u0131lar\u0131 denetleme g\u00f6rev ve yetkisi verilmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan makamlar sorumlu olduklar\u0131 alanlarda yap\u0131lar\u0131n mevzuata uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda gerekli denetimi yapmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcrler. Bu anlamda mevzuata ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f binalar\u0131n y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yeni yap\u0131lacak binalar\u0131n ise mevzuat\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurallara uygun bir \u015fekilde yapt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130darenin denetleme g\u00f6revini hi\u00e7 yerine getirmemesi ya da eksik yerine getirmesi hizmet kusuru te\u015fkil eder. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir depremden nedeniyle zarara u\u011frayan ki\u015fi binan\u0131n mevzuata ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde idarenin zarar\u0131 tazmin etmesi gerekecektir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            Depremden sonra y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek faaliyetlerin kamu hizmeti oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku yoktur. \u0130dare, kamu hizmetlerinin kurulmas\u0131 ve\/veya i\u015fletilmesinden kaynaklanan kusurlar nedeniyle do\u011facak zararlardan sorumludur. Bu anlamda yukar\u0131da baz\u0131lar\u0131na de\u011finilen kurtarma, yaral\u0131lara t\u0131bbi yard\u0131m, salg\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, ge\u00e7ici bar\u0131nd\u0131rma ve di\u011fer ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6revlerin yerine getirilmesinde idare kusurlu davranm\u0131\u015fsa meydana gelecek zararlar\u0131 tazminle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olacakt\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            \u00dclkemizde en s\u0131k rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve etki bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da en geni\u015f afet, depremler olup \u00fclkemiz d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en aktif deprem ku\u015faklar\u0131ndan birinin \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizde bir\u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 deprem olmu\u015ftur. Kahramanmara\u015f’ta 6 \u015eubat Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc 7,7 ve 7,6 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde iki ayr\u0131 deprem meydana geldi. Merkez \u00fcss\u00fc Pazarc\u0131k il\u00e7esi olan ve saat 04.17 meydana gelen ilk depremin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":24592,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[740,739,793],"tags":[2681,2685,2943,2664,2691,2709,2701,2953,2693,2666,2947,2661,2950,2704,2706,2944,2952,2657,2937,2672,2665,2948,2793,2662,2671,2951,2675,2945,2659,2658,2673,2711,2939,2707,2949,2935,2934,2938,2708,2933,2936,2680,2703,2710,2697,2683,2946,2695,2940,2689,2694,2678,2669,2668,2670,2699,2687,2688,2677,2674,2698,2679,2700,2676,2941,2942,2686,2667,2702,2660,2692,2682,2684,2954,2690,2955,2663,2705,2696],"class_list":["post-24590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-hukuku","category-gorusler-dusunceler","category-gorusler","tag-adana-deprem-avukat","tag-adiyaman-deprem-avukat","tag-afad","tag-agir-hasar-gormus-bina","tag-agir-hasarli-bina","tag-ailesini-kaybeden-vatandas","tag-alternatif-ikametgah-isyeri-masraflari","tag-arama-kurtarma-calismalari","tag-az-hasarli-bina","tag-cezai-sorumluluk","tag-delil-tespiti","tag-deprem-bolgesi","tag-deprem-can-kaybi","tag-deprem-delil-tespiti","tag-deprem-dolayisiyla-ortaya-cikan-zararlardan-idarenin-sorumlulugu","tag-deprem-felaketi","tag-deprem-felaketi-telafi","tag-deprem-hasarlarinda-idarenin-hizmet-kusuru","tag-deprem-magduru","tag-deprem-riski","tag-deprem-siyasi-sorumluluk","tag-deprem-sonrasi-hak-kayiplari-yasanmamasi","tag-deprem-sorusturmalari","tag-deprem-tehdidi","tag-deprem-tehlikesi","tag-deprem-yarali","tag-deprem-zarari-tazmin-etme-yukumlulugu","tag-deprem-zararlarin-tespiti","tag-deprem-zararlarinda-idarenin-kusurlu-sorumlulugu","tag-deprem-zararlarinda-idarenin-kusursuz-sorumlulugu","tag-deprem-zararlarinin-idare-tarafindan-tazmin-edilmesi","tag-depremde-can-ve-mal-kaybinin-hesabi","tag-depremde-evi-hasar-gorenlerin-haklari","tag-depremden-dolayi-idarenin-sorumlulugu","tag-depremden-etkilenen-iller","tag-depremzede-hak-sahipligi","tag-depremzede-haklari","tag-depremzedelerin-hukuki-haklari","tag-depremzedelerin-hukuki-hklari","tag-depremzedelerin-yasal-haklari","tag-depremzedenin-haklari","tag-diyarbakir-deprem-avukat","tag-dolayli-zararlar","tag-enkaz-altinda-yaralanan-vatandas","tag-enkaz-kaldirma-masraflari","tag-gaziantep-deprem-avukat","tag-gocuk-altinda-yakini-bulunan","tag-gocuk-bina","tag-hasar-tespit-calismalari","tag-hasar-tespiti","tag-hasarsiz-bina","tag-hatay-deprem-avukat","tag-hizmetin-gec-islemesi","tag-hizmetin-hic-islememesi","tag-hizmetin-kotu-islemesi","tag-is-durmasi","tag-istanbul-deprem-avukat","tag-izmir-deprem-avukat","tag-kahramanmaras-deprem-avukat","tag-kamu-kulfetleri-karsisinda-esitlik","tag-kar-kaybi","tag-kilis-deprem-avukat","tag-kira-mahrumiyeti","tag-kisilerin-ozel-zararlari","tag-kullanilamaz-ev","tag-kullanilamaz-is-yeri","tag-malatya-deprem-avukat","tag-mali-sorumluluk","tag-mali-sorumluluklar","tag-mucbir-sebep","tag-orta-hasarli-bina","tag-osmaniye-deprem-avukat","tag-sanliurfa-deprem-avukat","tag-yaralarin-sarilmasi","tag-yikik-bina","tag-yikilan-site","tag-yikilmis-bina","tag-yuklenicinin-agir-kusuru","tag-zorunlu-deprem-sigortasi-dask"],"yoast_head":"\nDeprem 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