{"id":11891,"date":"2018-03-03T23:09:02","date_gmt":"2018-03-03T20:09:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=11891"},"modified":"2023-03-23T02:23:40","modified_gmt":"2023-03-22T23:23:40","slug":"cezaevleri-de-ozellestirilmeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/cezaevleri-de-ozellestirilmeli\/","title":{"rendered":"Cezaevleri de \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilmeli"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cezaevleri gerek mahkum ayaklanmalar\u0131 gerekse standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yerinde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile son y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizin g\u00fcndeminden d\u00fc\u015fmemektedir. Bu kurumlar\u0131n \u0131slah edilmesi ve iyile\u015ftirilmesi gere\u011fi g\u00f6rmezlikten gelme boyutunu \u00e7oktan a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><!--more--><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><strong>B\u0131\u00e7ak V. (1998) \u00ab\u00a0Cezaevleri de \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilmeli\u00a0\u00bb (Privitasation of Prisons), 12 Liberal D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Dergisi (Journal of Liberal Thinking) 47-53.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Giri\u015f<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">(At\u0131f \u0130\u00e7in: B\u0131\u00e7ak, V. (1998) \u00ab\u00a0Cezaevleri de \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilmeli\u00a0\u00bb, 12 Liberal D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Dergisi, s. 47-53)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. Vahit B\u0131\u00e7ak<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kamu taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen bir\u00e7ok kurumun \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi son y\u0131llarda s\u00fcrekli tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu kurumlar\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi fikri \u00fclkemizde g\u00fcndeme gelmemektedir. Cezaevlerinin i\u015fletmesinin kamu taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bir olgu olarak kabul ediliyor g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekten b\u00f6yle bir zorunlulu\u011fun s\u00f6z konusu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n irdelenmesi bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">H\u00fck\u00fcm, \u0130nfaz ve Cezaevi<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131lama faaliyeti sonunda bir h\u00fckme ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcm, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n beraat\u0131 karar\u0131 olabilece\u011fi gibi san\u0131\u011f\u0131n mahkumiyeti karar\u0131 da olabilir. Mahkumiyet h\u00fckm\u00fcnde san\u0131\u011fa verilen cezan\u0131n niteli\u011fi ve miktar\u0131 yer al\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm, h\u00fcrriyeti ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 ceza ve para cezas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere mahkumiyet h\u00fckm\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 ceza s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. (\u0130nfaz K.md.1). Yarg\u0131lama faaliyeti mahkumiyet h\u00fckme ile son bulmaz; \u201cinfaz ili\u015fkisi\u201d \u015feklinde devam eder. \u201cBir mahkumiyet h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7erdi\u011fi emirlerin yerine getirilmesi y\u00f6ntemi\u201d (Kunter, 1989, s.944) olarak tan\u0131mlanan infaz h\u00fckm\u00fcn kesinle\u015fmesinden sonra hayata ge\u00e7irilir. (CMUK Md.395)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">H\u00fcrriyeti ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 cezalar cezaevlerinde infaz edilir. Ayr\u0131ca, tutuklular da cezaevlerinde tutulmaktad\u0131r. Cezaevi, h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcde kanunu ihl\u00e2l etmeden ya\u015fama arzusu do\u011furmak ve onun normal hayata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek duruma gelmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 rejim, tedbir ve teknik us\u00fbllerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerdir. Cezaevlerinin amac\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcde\u00a0ailesine, di\u011fer fertlere ve cemiyete kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluk hissinin do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r (Ceza \u0130nfaz Kurumlar\u0131 ile Tevkif Evlerinin Y\u00f6netimine Dair T\u00fcz\u00fck md. 110)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cezaevleri, birbirinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 mek\u00e2nlara ve standartlara sahip olabilir. Ger\u00e7ekten, \u00e7ocuk ceza ve \u0131slahevleri, a\u00e7\u0131k, yar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 cezaevli \u00e7e\u015fidi mevcuttur (\u0130nfaz K.md.11, T\u00fcz\u00fck md.19).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00c7ocuk cezaevi su\u00e7u i\u015fledi\u011fi zaman onbe\u015f ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bitiren ancak onsekiz ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamayan ve cezas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ektirilmesine ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onsekiz ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmayan \u00e7ocuk h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcler i\u00e7in kurulan cezaevidir (T\u00fcz\u00fck md.8). Su\u00e7un i\u015flendi\u011fi zaman onbir ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bitirmi\u015f ancak onbe\u015f ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bitirmeyen ve cezan\u0131n \u00e7ektirilmesine ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onsekiz ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerin cezalar\u0131 ise \u0131slahevlerinde \u00e7ektirilir. (T\u00fcz\u00fck md.9). \u00c7ocuk ceza \u0131slahevlerinde h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin terbiye ve \u00f6\u011frenimi, i\u015f ve sanat sahibi olmalar\u0131, manev\u00ee geli\u015fimlerini sa\u011flamalar\u0131 \u00f6n plandad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A\u00e7\u0131k cezaevi, d\u0131\u015ftan koruma ile g\u00f6revli personeli bulunmayan ve firar kar\u015f\u0131 herhangi bir koruma tedbiri al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olan cezaevleridir. (T\u00fcz\u00fck md.3). \u0130yi halli, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip ve firar etmeyeceklerine kanaat getirilen h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcler bu cezaevlerine g\u00f6nderilir. Gardiyan nezaretinde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak, ziyaret\u00e7ilerle serbest\u00e7e g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. A\u00e7\u0131k cezaevindeki h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 zorunludur. Emekleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00fcndelik ve prim al\u0131rlar. \u0130a\u015fe bedelleri kendilerinin kazan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan tahsil olunduktan sonra geriye kalan tasarruflar\u0131 tahliyelerinde kendilerine, vefatlar\u0131nda\u00a0miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na \u00f6denir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yar\u0131a\u00e7\u0131k cezaevi, d\u0131\u015ftan koruma ile g\u00f6revli personeli bulunmayan, ancak firara kar\u015f\u0131 engelleri olan cezaevleridir. (T\u00fcz\u00fck md.4). Bu cezaevinde h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin a\u00e7\u0131k cezaevinde oldu\u011fu gibi serbest\u00e7e d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. H\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcler bir i\u015f veya sanat kolunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorundad\u0131rlar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kapal\u0131 cezaevi, i\u00e7ten ve d\u0131\u015ftan koruma ile g\u00f6revli personeli bulunan ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya temasa imkan vermeyen cezaevleridir. (T\u00fcz\u00fck md.5). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de m\u00fcstakil tutukevi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kapal\u0131 cezaevleri ayn\u0131 zamanda tutukevi olarak da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak, tutuklular\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerden ayr\u0131 mekanlarda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. Kad\u0131n tutuklu ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin de ayr\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde tutulmalar\u0131 gerekir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, \u00e7ocuk cezaevi \u0131slahevi bulunmayan yerlerde \u00e7ocuk tutuklular ayr\u0131 kesimlerde tutulurlar (T\u00fcz\u00fck md.107). Kapal\u0131 cezaevleri, kapasitelerine, tesislerine ve mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re A tipi, B tipi, C tipi ve E tipi olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6zelle\u015ftirme<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cezaevlerinde kamu i\u015fletmecili\u011fini vazge\u00e7ilmez k\u0131lan \u00f6zel bir durum s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin tecr\u00fcbelerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda da cezaevlerinin i\u015fletmesinin kamu taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir zorunlulu\u011fun s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibariyle ABD de yeti\u015fkinlere y\u00f6nelik 44 cezaevi \u00f6zel firmalar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilmektedir. Bunlarda bar\u0131nan mahkum say\u0131s\u0131 15000\u2019dir. ABD\u2019de 4900 cezaevi bulundu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rce bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan mahkumlar\u0131n toplam mahkumlara oran\u0131n\u0131n % 2 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ise halen 4 cezaevi \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rce i\u015fletilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi, farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde olabilir. \u0130lk olarak, cezaevlerinin yap\u0131m\u0131 ve i\u015fletmesinin \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re devri s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. \u0130kinci olarak, mahkum ve tutuklular\u0131n bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ia\u015felerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi gibi hizmetlerin devlet memurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, \u00f6zek \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan yerine getirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, cezaevlerindeki i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u00a0ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00f6zel \u015firketlerce kullan\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">K\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fcden \u00f6zel firmalara cezaevlerinin veya baz\u0131 hizmetlerin devri, gayri-tabii olarak alg\u0131lanabilir. Ancak, cezaevlerinin kazan\u00e7 yeri olarak d\u00fczenlenmeleri on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na kadar end\u00fcstrile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde bir norm idi. K\u0131smen mahkum i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fine getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n, k\u0131smen de \u00f6zel cezaevlerindeki skandallar ve k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmalar\u0131n sonucu Devlet cezaevlerinin i\u015fletmecili\u011fini geri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son zamanlarda ba\u015flayan yeniden \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme hareketi,\u00a0on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l \u015fartlar\u0131na basit bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f de\u011fildir. Bu hareket tamamen farkl\u0131 bir ba\u011flamda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Yeniden \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme hareketinin g\u00fcndeme gelmesinin sebebi, cezaevlerinin nas\u0131l daha etkin hale getirilece\u011fi, kamu ile \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r aras\u0131nda bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131ndaki aray\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ayr\u0131ca, cezaevlerinde kamu i\u015fletmecili\u011fine son vermenin tek alternatifi, cezaevlerinin k\u00e2r ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00f6zel \u015firketlere tamamen devri de de\u011fildir. Bu iki u\u00e7 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fik alternatifler de mevcuttur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, k\u00e2r ama\u00e7l\u0131 olmayan \u00f6zel kurumlara, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kurulu\u015flara devir de s\u00f6z konusu olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde cezaevlerinin idaresi Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131nndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmetedir. H\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin ve tutuklular\u0131n bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ia\u015felerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Cumhuriyet Ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve Ceza \u0130nfaz Kurumlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yerine getirilmektedir. 1721 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201cHapishane ve Tevkifhanelerin \u0130daresi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u201d, 647\u00a0say\u0131l\u0131 \u201cCezalar\u0131n \u0130nfaz\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u201d ve \u201cCeza ve Tevkifevleri &#8211; nin Y\u00f6netimine ve Cezalar\u0131n \u0130nfaz\u0131na dair T\u00fcz\u00fck\u201d cezaevlerinin y\u00f6netiminin usul ve esaslar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen yasal dayanaklar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi \u00e7ocuk \u0131slahevi, a\u00e7\u0131k, yar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 cezaevi tipi mevcuttur. Mevcut b\u00fct\u00fcn cezaevlerinin \u00f6zel firmalara bir anda devri gibi bir zorunluluk s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olarak \u00f6zel firmalar\u0131n da bu sekt\u00f6re belli oranda kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flanarak, kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r aras\u0131nda bir kombinasyon olu\u015fturulabilir. Halihaz\u0131rda kamu taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen baz\u0131 cezaevlerinin sadece i\u015fletme hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel firmalara devri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi m\u00fclkiyetiyle birlikte devir de s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. Ayr\u0131ca, \u201cyap\u00a0-i\u015flet\u201dmodeli ile \u00f6zel firmalar\u0131n yeni cezaevleri in\u015fa etmesi de g\u00fcndeme gelebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00c7ocuk \u0131slah evlerinden ba\u015flamak kayd\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen \u00f6zel bir durum s\u00f6zkonusu de\u011fildir. B\u00fct\u00fcn cezaevlerini \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmek gibi bir zorunluluk da yoktur. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirmenin boyutu ayr\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme konusudur. \u00d6ncelikle bu konunun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin g\u00fcndemine girmesi ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara konu olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bat\u0131da her bir yasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin gerisinde y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n eme\u011fi, ciltlerce ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporu mevcuttur. Cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi gibi temel bir konunun \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n sistematik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara konu olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Devletin bu uygulama sonucu cezaevleriyle ili\u015fkisinin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131, \u00f6zel \u015firketlere hangi b\u00fct\u00e7eyle, nas\u0131l bir uygulamayla \u00f6deme yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 sorulabilir. Devletin temel i\u015flevi denetim olacakt\u0131r. Cezaevlerinin i\u015fletilmesinin s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen standartlarla uyum i\u00e7inde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kamu makamlar\u0131nca denetlenecektir. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Ceza ve Tevkif Evleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fmede mahkum ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen mebla\u011f\u0131, bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan mahkum ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re belli aral\u0131klarla ilgili firmaya \u00f6deyecektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sa\u011flanabilecek Faydalar<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi politikas\u0131 benimsenmesi durumunda, \u00f6ncelikle, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yatak talebinin h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r. Modern toplumda su\u00e7 olgusunun \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde art\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ABD\u2019de 1973 le 1990 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda su\u00e7lu say\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00f6rt kat art\u0131\u015f olmu\u015ftur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla modern toplumda daha fazla cezaevine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r, kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne k\u0131yasla daha \u00e7abuk olarak cezaevi in\u015fa edebilmektedir. ABD\u2019de Wackenhut isimli g\u00fcvenlik firmas\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten itibaren 90 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde 150 yatakl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131k cezaevini tamamlama ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0130kinci olarak, cezaevlerini i\u015fletmek i\u00e7in devletin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kamu harcamalar\u0131 azalacakt\u0131r. Cezaevi i\u015fletmecili\u011fini \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc b\u0131rakman\u0131n maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ABD\u2019deki uygulama a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme yoluna giden di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde bu yola gidilmesinin temel sebebi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyet beklentisidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, etkin bir kamu denetimine olanak sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r. Cezaevi y\u00f6netimi ile denetiminin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, denetimin daha etkin \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirmenin kamuya daha fazla denetim imkan\u0131 verece\u011fi beklentisi s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin baz\u0131 dinamiklerine dayan\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, ilk \u00f6nce, rekabet bask\u0131s\u0131 kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnce geli\u015ftirilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kurallar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesine, de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine zemin\u00a0haz\u0131rlar. Etkin olmayan, verimsiz uygulamalar\u0131 zaman i\u00e7inde ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130kinci olarak, s\u00f6zle\u015fme (\u00f6zelle\u015ftirme) yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f performans standartlar\u0131 ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ortaya koymaya kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131 iter. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, kamu taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0belirlenen standartlara uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zel firma taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen cezaevinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak daha kolayd\u0131r. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme y\u00f6neticileri sonu\u00e7 kalitesi \u00fczerinde daha fazla yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Son olarak, siyasi iradenin ve y\u00fcksek kademe idarecilerin alt seviyede g\u00f6rev yapanlar\u0131 kontrol etmede g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekti\u011fi durumlar olabilir. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ile performansla ilgili ama\u00e7lara ve genel politikalara daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda uyum s\u00f6z konusu olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1970\u2019de Massachusetts\u2019deki bir \u00e7ocuk rehabilitasyon\u00a0merkezi uygulamalar\u0131nda reform yapmak \u00fczere bir y\u00f6netici atanm\u0131\u015f, ancak bu y\u00f6netici mevcut personelin al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirememi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6netici bir gecede e\u011fitim kurslar\u0131n\u0131 kapatt\u0131 ve baz\u0131 \u00f6zel firmalarla \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitimi konusunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmem yapt\u0131. Bu surette reform ama\u00e7lar\u0131 daha s\u00fcratli \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu. Kamu y\u00f6netiminde personelin mevcut k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck arz etmektedir. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r yenilikleri ve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n felsefesini yakalamaya daha yatk\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi devletin y\u0131prat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecektir. Cezaevlerindeki uygulamalar, standartlar\u0131n yerinde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda hizmetin sunulmas\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 kusurlar personelin kusuru olarak kabul edilmek yerine devleti y\u0131pratmaya y\u00f6nelik olarak kullan\u0131labilmektedir. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme devlete bu \u015fekilde y\u00f6neltilecek ele\u015ftirileri ortadan kald\u0131rabilecektir. Hizmetin sunulmas\u0131nda kusuru g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015firkete ihl\u00e2lin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re para cezas\u0131 veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin feshi gibi birtak\u0131m m\u00fceyyideler uygulama imkan\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">K\u00e2r etmeyi ama\u00e7layan \u00f6zel firmalar\u0131n cezaevlerinde standratlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi, mahkumlar\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131 zedelemesi riski oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Ancak, e\u011fer firma standartlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrse s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi fesih olunacakt\u0131r. Cezaevleri halk\u0131n g\u00f6zetiminden uzak yerlerdir. Mahkumlar hak ihl\u00e2llerini toplumun g\u00fcndemine getirme konusunda zay\u0131ft\u0131rlar. Fakat bu durum sadece \u00f6zel hapishanelerde s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir; kamu hapishanelerinde de ayn\u0131 durum s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Mevcut Cezaevlerinin Durumu<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de cezaevlerinin say\u0131s\u0131 azalmam e\u011filimindedir. Nitekim yay\u0131nlanan istatistiksel verilere g\u00f6re 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda 640 olan toplam cezaevi say\u0131s\u0131 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda 626 ya, 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 562 ye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (Adalet \u0130statistikleri, 1993, DIE, s.175; G\u00fcr\u00e7ay, 1996, S.644). 1987 ve\u00a01993 y\u0131llar\u0131 itibariyle cezaevi \u00e7e\u015fitleri ise tablo 1\u2019de verilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Tablo1<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cezaevlerinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 da 19831992 y\u0131lllar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenli olarak azalma e\u011filimi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.. Ancak, tutuklu\/h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oran\u0131 tutuklu lehine artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1996 y\u0131l\u0131 Temmuz ay\u0131 verileri itibariyle cezaevlerinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lan toplam tutuklu ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 53.000 oldu\u011fu Ceza ve Tevkif Evleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan ifade edilmi\u015ftir. (G\u00fcr\u00e7ay, 1996, s.644).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Tablo2<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">19871993 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 cezaevlerindeki h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc ve tutuklu say\u0131s\u0131 % 40 azal\u0131rken cezaevlerindeki kadrolu personel say\u0131s\u0131 ise % 100 civar\u0131nda bir art\u0131\u015f kaydetmi\u015ftir. Bu art\u0131\u015f e\u011fitim hizmetleri s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na yans\u0131mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; e\u011fitimle ilgili personel say\u0131s\u0131 sabit kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc ve tutuklu say\u0131s\u0131 28270 oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde personel say\u0131s\u0131 23639 ki\u015fiye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nerede ise cezaevinde bar\u0131nan bir ki\u015fiye bir personel d\u00fc\u015fecek duruma gelmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda etkin ve verimli bir istihdam politikas\u0131ndan bahsetmek elbette m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Tablo3<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitim hizmetleri s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda istihdam edilen personelin yetersizli\u011fi hi\u00e7bir yoruma ihtiya\u00e7 duymayacak \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131kta ortadad\u0131r. Cezaevlerinin ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birinin mahkumlar\u0131 e\u011fiterek \u0131slah edip tekrar topluma kazand\u0131rmak oldu\u011fu hat\u0131rlanacak olursa kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn bu kurumlar\u0131 etkin olarak i\u015fletip i\u015fletmedi\u011fi sorusunu say\u0131sal veriler olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sonu\u00e7<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin tecr\u00fcbelerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda cezaevlerinin i\u015fletmesinin kamu taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bir zorunluluk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere ve Amerika\u2019da \u00f6zel olarak i\u015fletilen cezaevleri mevcuttu. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk ba\u015flar\u0131nda bu uygulamadan vazge\u00e7ilerek ceza evlerinin i\u015fletilmesi devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenildi. Ancak, 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru cezaevlerinin i\u015fletilmesinins\u00f6zle\u015fme ile \u00f6zel \u015firketlere verilmesi fikri Amerika ve \u0130ngiltere ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u0130ngilizce konu\u015fan \u00fclkelerde tekrar tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar neticesinde bug\u00fcn \u0130ngiltere, Avustralya ve Amerika\u2019da baz\u0131 cezaevlerinin i\u015fletilmesi \u00f6zel\u00a0\u015firketlere devredilmi\u015f yani \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Gerek \u00fclke n\u00fcfusu gerekse cezaevinde bulunan mahkum n\u00fcfusu itibariyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00e7ok benzer olan \u0130ngiltere\u2019de halihaz\u0131rda 4 cezaevi \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r taraf\u0131nndan i\u015fletilmekte, di\u011fer cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise devam etmektedir. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme program\u0131 ile cezaevlerinde kapasite art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 daha s\u00fcratli bir \u015fekilde sa\u011flanabilmekte, ayn\u0131 zamanda mahkum ba\u015f\u0131na kamunun harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 birim maliyet a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme ile cezaevi\u00a0y\u00f6netiminde devletin kontrol\u00fc, denetimi daha etkin hale gelmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrkiye \u015fartlar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi engelleyen \u00f6zel bir durum s\u00f6zkonusu de\u011fildir. Mevcut cezaevlerinden d\u00f6rd\u00fc \u00e7ocuk \u0131slahevi, yedisi a\u00e7\u0131k, otuz biri yar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ve be\u015f y\u00fcz seksen d\u00f6rd\u00fc kapal\u0131 cezaevidir. H\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc ve tutuklu say\u0131s\u0131 50 bin civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu cezaevlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan toplam kadrolu personel say\u0131s\u0131 23639\u2019dur. Bu rakama cezaevlerinin d\u0131\u015f korumas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakla g\u00f6revli olan jandarma dahil de\u011fildir. Jandarma hesaba kat\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n iki mahkum i\u00e7in bir personel istihdam edilmektedir. Bu durum etkin ve verimli bir personel rejiminden bahsedilemez. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n mahkum ba\u015f\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 masraf\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu da ayr\u0131ca merak konusudur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesinin T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olabilirli\u011fi T\u00fcrk topplumunca ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nmadan tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131, bilim adamlar\u0131na ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131r\u0131larak politika belirleme konumunda olanlar\u0131n \u00f6nleri ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok konunun alan ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 konusu olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Cevap aran\u0131lacak temel sorular ise; \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rce i\u015fletilen cezaevleri daha m\u0131 i\u015flevsel? Daha az maliyet mi s\u00f6z konusu? Maliyet fark\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu ise bunun nedenleri nelerdir? \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme daha ekonomik mi? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 olumlu ise bu durum sorunun do\u011fas\u0131ndan m\u0131 geliyor, yoksa hangi ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f cezaevi daha etkin ve ucuz olmaktad\u0131r? T\u00fcm bu sorular\u0131n sistematik de\u011ferlendirmeler konu olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Geleneksel olarak, sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, ula\u015f\u0131m, haberle\u015fme sekt\u00f6rlerinde hizmet sunan ve sunabilecek yegane organ\u0131n devlet oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131ld\u0131. An\u0131lan sekt\u00f6rlerin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi fikirleri ve giri\u015fimleri tepki ile kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi fikirleri ve giri\u015fimleri tepki ile kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.\u00a0Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi fikrinin de tepki ile kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131r. \u201cBize uymaz\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 en yayg\u0131n olarak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilecek, her yenilik hareketine kar\u015f\u0131 yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen bir reflekstir. Ancak mevcut sistem etkin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 merkeziyet\u00e7i, ay\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 ve kay\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131, \u00fcstelik verimli de de\u011fil. \u015eu an i\u015flemekte olan sistem o denli k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015flemektedir ki, \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeye kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar bile \u201c\u00f6zelle\u015ftirme\u201d ile i\u015flerin daha k\u00f6t\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131na inanmamaktad\u0131rlar. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme\u00a0ile toplumsal hayat\u0131n di\u011fer alanlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen iyile\u015ftirmelerin cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi ile ceza adaleti sisteminde de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in herhangi bir sebep g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">KAYNAKLAR<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cemal Sahir G\u00dcR\u00c7AY, \u201cCezaevlerimiz ve Sorunlar\u0131\u201d, Yeni T\u00fcrkiye, say\u0131:10 y\u0131l:1996, s.644645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">R\u0131za MENG\u00dc\u00c7, Ceza \u0130nfaz Hukuku ve \u0130nfaz M\u00fcesseseleri, 2. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1975.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Teoman METE, \u0130nfaz Hukuku, Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 E\u011fitim Dairesi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Yar\u0131a\u00e7\u0131k Cezaevi Matbaas\u0131, Ankara, 1987.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"1992\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">REYNAUD (\u00c7ev.\u0130hsan Kuntbay), Hapishanelerde \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131, TODA\u0130E, Ankara, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">M.Y\u0131lmaz SA\u011eLAM, \u201c\u0130nfaz ve \u0130nfaz Hukuku Kavramlar\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme\u201d, T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Dergisi, Say\u0131:1995\/4 T\u0131l:8.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Selim Altan SAYSEL, Ceza \u0130nfaz Personelinin El Kitab\u0131, Ankara, 1980.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Melda T\u00dcRKER, \u201cCezaevleri Sisteminde Reform \u0130htiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u00d6ng\u00f6ren Mahzurlar ve K\u00f6ktenci Reform Planlamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri\u201d, Yeni T\u00fcrkiye, Say\u0131:10, Y\u0131l:1996, s. 646659.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Mustafa T\u00f6ren Y\u00dcCEL, Avrupa Cezaevi Kurallar\u0131, Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 C.T.E. Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1987, Ankara.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em><strong>B\u0131\u00e7ak V. (1998) \u00ab\u00a0Cezaevleri de \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilmeli\u00a0\u00bb (Privitasation of Prisons), 12 Liberal D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Dergisi (Journal of Liberal Thinking) 47-53.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">[embeddoc url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/06-vahit-bicak-cezaevleri-de-ozellestirilmeli.pdf\u00a0\u00bb height=\u00a0\u00bb1100px\u00a0\u00bb download=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb viewer=\u00a0\u00bbgoogle\u00a0\u00bb ]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cezaevleri gerek mahkum ayaklanmalar\u0131 gerekse standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yerinde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile son y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizin g\u00fcndeminden d\u00fc\u015fmemektedir. Bu kurumlar\u0131n \u0131slah edilmesi ve iyile\u015ftirilmesi gere\u011fi g\u00f6rmezlikten gelme boyutunu \u00e7oktan a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11905,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"page-sidebar-right.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[215],"tags":[161,181,174,245,241,242,247,246,243,244],"class_list":["post-11891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-adalet-sistemi-2","tag-adalet","tag-adalet-bakanligi","tag-bicak","tag-bicak-hukuk","tag-cezaevi","tag-cezaevleri","tag-devlet","tag-hukuk","tag-ozellestirme","tag-politika"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cezaevleri de \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilmeli | B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"cezaevlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi infaz standartlar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi cezaevi mahkum tutuklu h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc avukat a\u00e7\u0131k kapal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k kapal\u0131\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/fr\/cezaevleri-de-ozellestirilmeli\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cezaevleri de \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilmeli %\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cezaevleri gerek mahkum ayaklanmalar\u0131 gerekse standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yerinde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile son y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizin g\u00fcndeminden d\u00fc\u015fmemektedir. 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