{"id":30066,"date":"2025-12-13T20:58:22","date_gmt":"2025-12-13T17:58:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=30066"},"modified":"2025-12-13T21:01:22","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T18:01:22","slug":"sosyal-medyada-kisisel-veri-paylasimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/sosyal-medyada-kisisel-veri-paylasimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Sosyal Medyada Ki\u015fisel Veri Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dijitalle\u015fmenin ve sosyal medyan\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmesi, bireylerin ki\u015fisel verilerinin ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fle k\u0131yaslanamayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sosyal medya platformlar\u0131, bireylere kendilerini ifade etme, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olma ve ileti\u015fim kurma imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunarken; ayn\u0131 zamanda ki\u015fisel verilerin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde elde edilmesi, payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve if\u015fa edilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ciddi hukuki riskleri de beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle foto\u011fraf, video, ses kayd\u0131, isim, telefon numaras\u0131 ve sosyal medya hesap bilgileri gibi ki\u015fisel verilerin, r\u0131za d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda veya ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopar\u0131larak payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, hem ceza hukuku hem de anayasal haklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 135 ve 136. maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenen \u201cki\u015fisel verilerin kaydedilmesi<\/em>\u201d ile \u201cverileri hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak verme veya ele ge\u00e7irme<\/em>\u201d su\u00e7lar\u0131, dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n bu yeni g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcne cevap vermeyi ama\u00e7layan temel ceza normlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, ayn\u0131 fiilin kimi durumlarda TCK<\/a> m. 134\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen \u201c\u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal<\/em>\u201d su\u00e7uyla, kimi durumlarda ise TCK<\/a> m. 125\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen \u201chakaret<\/em>\u201d su\u00e7u ile kesi\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Sosyal medyada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen tek bir payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n birden fazla su\u00e7 tipini g\u00fcndeme getirmesi, \u00f6zellikle fikri i\u00e7tima, su\u00e7un manevi unsuru ve hukuka uygunluk nedenleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yarg\u0131sal i\u00e7tihatlara dayal\u0131 sistematik bir analiz ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131; sosyal medyada ki\u015fisel veri ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin ceza hukuku sorumlulu\u011funu, Anayasa, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi i\u00e7tihad\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi ile Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun yerle\u015fik ve geli\u015fen i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde incelemektir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada, \u201cki\u015fisel veri<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k alanda \u00e7ekilmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin hukuki niteli\u011fi, r\u0131za olgusunun ceza sorumlulu\u011funa etkisi ve failin \u201chukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareket etti\u011finin bilinciyle davran\u0131p davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d hususu, i\u00e7tihat temelli bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ki\u015fisel Veri Kavram\u0131 ve Ceza Hukukunda Korunan Hukuki De\u011fer\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Ki\u015fisel verilerin ceza hukuku yoluyla korunmas\u0131, bireyin ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n bir uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk hukukunda ki\u015fisel veriye ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131k anayasal d\u00fczenleme, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 20. maddesine eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re herkes, kendisiyle ilgili ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 isteme hakk\u0131na sahiptir ve ki\u015fisel veriler ancak kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen h\u00e2llerde veya ki\u015finin a\u00e7\u0131k r\u0131zas\u0131yla i\u015flenebilir. Bu d\u00fczenleme, ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan bir temel hak olarak tan\u0131mlamakta ve ceza hukukunun bu alandaki rol\u00fcn\u00fc anayasal bir zemine oturtmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK<\/a>\u2019da ise ki\u015fisel veriler, \u201c\u00d6zel Hayata ve Hayat\u0131n Gizli Alan\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. TCK m. 135 ve 136 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri incelendi\u011finde, kanun koyucunun ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131nda \u201cs\u0131r<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 merkeze almad\u0131\u011f\u0131, aksine ger\u00e7ek ki\u015fiyle ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilginin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Nitekim TCK m. 135\u2019in gerek\u00e7esinde, \u201cger\u00e7ek ki\u015fiyle ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilginin ki\u015fisel veri olarak kabul edilmesi gerekti\u011fi<\/em>\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda da istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde benimsenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 17.06.2014 tarihli karar\u0131nda (2012\/1510 E., 2014\/331 K.<\/em>), ki\u015fisel verilerin yaln\u0131zca gizli veya s\u0131r niteli\u011findeki bilgilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinebilen veya kolayl\u0131kla ula\u015f\u0131labilen bilgilerin de ki\u015fisel veri kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi, cep telefonu numaras\u0131, foto\u011fraf, sosyal medya hesab\u0131 bilgileri gibi unsurlar\u0131n ki\u015fisel veri niteli\u011fini haiz oldu\u011funu bir\u00e7ok karar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131yla ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan korunan hukuki de\u011fer, \u00f6\u011fretide ve i\u00e7tihatlarda ortak bi\u00e7imde \u201cki\u015filik haklar\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda koruma, yaln\u0131zca bireyin gizli alan\u0131na de\u011fil, onun toplum i\u00e7indeki kimli\u011fine, onuruna ve ki\u015fisel \u00f6zerkli\u011fine y\u00f6neliktir. Bu nedenle, bir verinin kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k bir ortamda bulunmas\u0131 veya daha \u00f6nce ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, o verinin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde yeniden kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak me\u015fru k\u0131lmaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal Medyada Payla\u015f\u0131m, R\u0131za ve Hukuka Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/span><\/h3>\n

Sosyal medya platformlar\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n kendi ki\u015fisel verilerini belirli bir ba\u011flam ve ama\u00e7 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde payla\u015fmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131r. Ancak bu payla\u015f\u0131m, kural olarak s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ve s\u00fcresiz bir kullan\u0131m izni anlam\u0131na gelmez. Ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belirleyici olan husus, verinin hangi kapsamda, kimlere y\u00f6nelik ve hangi ama\u00e7la payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda r\u0131za, ki\u015fisel verilerin hukuka uygun i\u015flenmesinin en \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131ndan biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda r\u0131za, dar ve ba\u011flamsal bi\u00e7imde yorumlanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle sosyal medyada herkese a\u00e7\u0131k profilde yer alan bir foto\u011fraf\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131narak ba\u015fka bir hesapta yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n yerle\u015fik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re her h\u00e2l\u00fck\u00e2rda hukuka uygun kabul edilmemektedir. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 24.12.2024 tarihli karar\u0131nda (2022\/4834 E., 2024\/8047 K.<\/em>), kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n kendi Instagram hesaplar\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 foto\u011fraflar\u0131n, r\u0131zalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir hesapta yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n TCK m. 136 kapsam\u0131nda su\u00e7 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir. Kararda, verinin daha \u00f6nce kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k bir platformda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, failin manevi unsuru bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Zira Yarg\u0131tay, TCK m. 136 kapsam\u0131ndaki su\u00e7larda genel kast\u0131n yeterli oldu\u011funu kabul etmekle birlikte, failin \u201chukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareket etti\u011fini bilmesi ya da bilebilecek durumda olmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d gerekti\u011fini de aramaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 21.12.2016 tarihli Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi karar\u0131nda (2015\/10737 E., 2016\/13557 K.<\/em>), uygulaman\u0131n belirsizle\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinin titizlikle de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi, failin eyleminin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kavrayabilecek durumda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinin zorunlu oldu\u011fu ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal medya ba\u011flam\u0131nda bu de\u011ferlendirme, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n amac\u0131, i\u00e7eri\u011fi, payla\u015f\u0131m bi\u00e7imi ve hedef kitlesi dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir foto\u011fraf\u0131n haber verme, ele\u015ftiri veya ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131, te\u015fhir edici veya taciz edici bi\u00e7imde payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan niteliksel bir fark bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu fark, bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ele al\u0131nacak olan Yarg\u0131tay ve Ceza Genel Kurulu i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131n sistematik analizinde daha net bi\u00e7imde ortaya konulacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay ve Ceza Genel Kurulu \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131n Sistematik Analizi<\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin normatif \u00e7er\u00e7evenin uygulamadaki as\u0131l belirleyicisi, Yarg\u0131tay ceza daireleri ile Ceza Genel Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen i\u00e7tihatlard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle TCK<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n 134, 135 ve 136. maddelerinin kesi\u015fim alanlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yorum sorunlar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yarg\u0131sal i\u00e7tihat yoluyla \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Sosyal medya ve dijital platformlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda ki\u015fisel veri ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar da bu i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n merkezinde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, taraf\u0131n\u0131zdan payla\u015f\u0131lan Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi ve Ceza Genel Kurulu kararlar\u0131 esas al\u0131narak, i\u00e7tihatlar kronolojik de\u011fil; tematik ve sistematik bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Analiz, \u00f6zellikle su\u00e7un maddi unsuru, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k, kast ve normlar aras\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cKi\u015fisel Veri\u201d Kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u0130\u00e7tihat Yoluyla Geni\u015f Yorumu<\/span><\/h4>\n

Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n yerle\u015fik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, TCK\u2019n\u0131n 135 ve 136. maddelerinde korunan \u201cki\u015fisel veri<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131 dar anlamda s\u0131r veya gizli bilgiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun bu konudaki en temel referans noktalar\u0131ndan biri, 17.06.2014 tarihli karar\u0131d\u0131r (CGK, 17.06.2014, E. 2012\/1510, K. 2014\/331<\/em>). Bu kararda, \u201cger\u00e7ek ki\u015fiyle ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilginin<\/em>\u201d ki\u015fisel veri oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, daha sonraki i\u00e7tihatlarda istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 21.12.2016 tarihli karar\u0131nda (12. CD, 21.12.2016, E. 2015\/10737, K. 2016\/13557<\/em>), telefon numaras\u0131n\u0131n herkes\u00e7e bilinebilir nitelikte olmas\u0131n\u0131n, onu ki\u015fisel veri olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Kararda, \u201cherkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinen veya kolayl\u0131kla ula\u015f\u0131labilen ki\u015fisel bilgilerin de hukuken ki\u015fisel veri say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d belirtilmi\u015f; ancak uygulaman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fletilmemesi gerekti\u011fi de \u00f6zellikle vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span>Bu ikili vurgu – hem geni\u015f tan\u0131m hem de uygulamada \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ihtiyac\u0131 – Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal Medyada Payla\u015f\u0131lan Foto\u011fraflar: Ki\u015fisel Veri mi, \u00d6zel Hayat G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc m\u00fc?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fi, i\u00e7tihatlarda en fazla tart\u0131\u015fma yaratan konular\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. \u00d6zellikle bir foto\u011fraf\u0131n, TCK<\/a> m. 134 kapsam\u0131nda \u201c\u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fi<\/em>\u201dne mi, yoksa TCK<\/a> m. 136 kapsam\u0131nda \u201cki\u015fisel veri<\/em>\u201dye mi girdi\u011fi hususu, Yarg\u0131tay taraf\u0131ndan somut olay bazl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeye tabi tutulmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 24.12.2024 tarihli karar\u0131 bu a\u00e7\u0131dan son derece \u00f6nemlidir (12. CD, 24.12.2024, E. 2022\/4834, K. 2024\/8047<\/em>). Kararda, kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n Instagram hesab\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 foto\u011fraflar\u0131n, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan r\u0131za d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak yeniden payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, bu foto\u011fraflar\u0131n \u201cki\u015fisel veri olma niteli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir. Daire, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k alanda \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve sosyal medyada payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olman\u0131n, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, daha \u00f6nceki i\u00e7tihatlarla da uyumludur. Nitekim 12. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 12.10.2022 tarihli karar\u0131nda (12. CD, 12.10.2022, E. 2022\/4512, K. 2022\/6716<\/em>), ma\u011fdur \u00e7ocu\u011fun ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rmesini istemeyece\u011fi \u00f6zel ya\u015fam alan\u0131na ili\u015fkin olmayan bir foto\u011fraf\u0131n, \u00f6zel hayat su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda de\u011fil; ki\u015fisel veri kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Ancak ayn\u0131 kararda, foto\u011fraf\u0131n yay\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan hesap ad\u0131 ve kimlik bilgilerinin, TCK<\/a> m. 136 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu i\u00e7tihatlar birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n \u015fu temel ayr\u0131m\u0131 benimsedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: Bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zel hayat su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi i\u00e7in, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn bizzat \u00f6zel ya\u015fam alan\u0131na ili\u015fkin olmas\u0131 gerekir; aksi h\u00e2lde, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ki\u015fisel veri olarak korunur.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHukuka Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ve \u201cKast\u201d Unsurunun \u0130\u00e7tihattaki Belirleyici Rol\u00fc<\/span><\/h4>\n

Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131n en dikkat \u00e7ekici y\u00f6nlerinden biri, TCK<\/a> m. 136 su\u00e7unun olu\u015fumunda \u201chukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bilinci<\/em>\u201dne verilen \u00f6nemdir. Bu husus, \u00f6zellikle beraat kararlar\u0131nda belirleyici bir fakt\u00f6r olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

12. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 29.03.2017 tarihli karar\u0131nda (12. CD, 29.03.2017, E. 2015\/13758, K. 2017\/2514<\/em>), san\u0131klar\u0131n beraatine karar verilmesinin gerek\u00e7esi, y\u00fcklenen fiilin kanunda su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Karara eklenen kar\u015f\u0131 oyda ise, ki\u015fisel verilerin r\u0131za d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda siyasi partiye verilmesinin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a TCK m. 136 kapsam\u0131nda su\u00e7 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu savunulmu\u015ftur. Bu kar\u015f\u0131 oy, \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile az\u0131nl\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki temel ayr\u0131m\u0131n, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bilincinin yorumlanmas\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/span>Benzer bi\u00e7imde, 21.12.2016 tarihli kararda (12. CD, E. 2015\/10737, K. 2016\/13557<\/em>), san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eylemiyle hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareket etti\u011fini \u201cbildi\u011fi ya da bilebilecek durumda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<\/em>\u201d ayr\u0131ca tespit edilmesi gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu vurgu, su\u00e7un soyut tehlike su\u00e7u olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, failin subjektif durumunun g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

TCK m. 134 \u2013 135 \u2013 136 Aras\u0131ndaki Normatif S\u0131n\u0131rlar<\/span><\/h4>\n

Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, ki\u015fisel veri su\u00e7lar\u0131 ile \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihlal su\u00e7u aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 netle\u015ftirme i\u015flevi de g\u00f6rmektedir. \u00d6zellikle 16.11.2022 tarihli karar bu a\u00e7\u0131dan yol g\u00f6stericidir (12. CD, 16.11.2022, E. 2019\/10278, K. 2022\/8677<\/em>). <\/span>Bu kararda, kat\u0131lan\u0131n bir e\u011flence mek\u00e2n\u0131ndaki kamera g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin ele ge\u00e7irilmesi olay\u0131nda, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin \u00f6zel hayat alan\u0131na ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fu; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla TCK m. 136 de\u011fil, TCK m. 134 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Daire, \u00f6zel hayat g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin art\u0131k ki\u015fisel veri su\u00e7lar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymu\u015ftur. <\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, normlar aras\u0131 \u201ct\u00fcketme<\/em>\u201d ili\u015fkisini de\u011fil; her su\u00e7 tipinin kendi koruma alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmesini esas almaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun Birle\u015ftirici ve Y\u00f6n Verici Rol\u00fc<\/span><\/h4>\n

Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 08.12.2022 tarihli karar\u0131 (CGK, 08.12.2022, E. 2018\/611, K. 2022\/784<\/em>), sosyal medyada ki\u015fisel veri payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda i\u00e7tihat birli\u011fini sa\u011flayan en \u00f6nemli kararlardan biridir. Bu kararda, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n Facebook payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla hem ki\u015fisel verileri yayma hem de hakaret su\u00e7unu i\u015flemesi h\u00e2linde, TCK m. 44 kapsam\u0131nda fikri i\u00e7tima uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir. <\/span>Ceza Genel Kurulu, bu kararla birlikte, ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin su\u00e7lar\u0131n, ba\u015fka su\u00e7larla kesi\u015fti\u011fi durumlarda hangi normun \u00f6ncelikli uygulanaca\u011f\u0131na dair a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 fiille birden fazla su\u00e7 olu\u015ftu\u011funda, en a\u011f\u0131r cezay\u0131 gerektiren su\u00e7tan h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasal \u00c7er\u00e7eve ve A\u0130HM \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n

Sosyal medyada ki\u015fisel veri ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin ceza hukuku tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilebilmesi, yaln\u0131zca TCK<\/a> h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir analizle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu alan, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya anayasal hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin kesi\u015fim noktas\u0131nda yer almakta; \u00f6zellikle \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fi, ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve haberle\u015fme h\u00fcrriyeti gibi temel haklar aras\u0131nda hassas bir denge kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, anayasal normlar ile Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, TCK<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n 134, 135 ve 136. maddelerinin yorumunda ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 ve y\u00f6nlendirici bir i\u015flev g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasal Dayanak: \u00d6zel Hayat\u0131n Gizlili\u011fi ve Ki\u015fisel Verilerin Korunmas\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 20. maddesi, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan temel normdur. Maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cHerkes, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131na ve aile hayat\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesini isteme hakk\u0131na sahiptir.<\/em>\u201d denilmek suretiyle, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n korunmas\u0131 klasik anlamda anayasal bir hak olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Ancak sosyal medya ve dijital teknolojilerin geli\u015fimiyle birlikte, bu klasik koruma alan\u0131 geni\u015flemi\u015f; 2010 anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle 20. maddeye eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra ile ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011finden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ama onunla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zerk bir anayasal hak haline getirilmi\u015ftir. <\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 20. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re herkes, kendisiyle ilgili ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 isteme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu hak; ki\u015fisel veriler hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirilme, bu verilere eri\u015fme, d\u00fczeltilmesini veya silinmesini talep etme ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeyi de kapsar. Ki\u015fisel verilerin ancak kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen hallerde veya ki\u015finin a\u00e7\u0131k r\u0131zas\u0131yla i\u015flenebilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczenleme, ceza hukukunda ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin su\u00e7 tiplerinin anayasal temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. TCK<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n 135 ve 136. maddelerinde yer alan su\u00e7 tipleri, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 20. maddesindeki bu g\u00fcvenceyi ceza hukuku alan\u0131nda somutla\u015ft\u0131ran normlard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sosyal medyada yap\u0131lan bir payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n su\u00e7 te\u015fkil edip etmedi\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilirken, yaln\u0131zca kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131n \u015fekli unsurlar\u0131 de\u011fil, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc temel hak dengesi de dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131: Ki\u015fisel Veri – \u00d6zel Hayat Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi, bireysel ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131nda ki\u015fisel veri ve \u00f6zel hayat kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f ve dinamik bi\u00e7imde yorumlamaktad\u0131r. Mahkeme, ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131, yaln\u0131zca gizli veya mahrem bilgilerin korunmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00f6rmemekte; ki\u015finin kimli\u011fini belirlenebilir k\u0131lan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilginin anayasal koruma alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu kabul etmektedir. <\/span>Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin yerle\u015fik i\u00e7tihad\u0131na g\u00f6re, bir bilginin ki\u015fisel veri say\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in mutlaka gizli olmas\u0131 gerekmez. Kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda elde edilen veya daha \u00f6nce ki\u015finin kendisi taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bilgiler dahi, belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda anayasal korumadan yararlanabilir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun \u201cki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131nda esas olan\u0131n s\u0131r de\u011fil, ki\u015filik hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki tespitleriyle paralellik arz etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle sosyal medya ba\u011flam\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesi, ki\u015finin kendi r\u0131zas\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerce her ko\u015fulda s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z \u015fekilde kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi sonucuna varmamaktad\u0131r. Mahkemeye g\u00f6re, ki\u015finin verisini hangi ba\u011flamda, hangi ama\u00e7la ve hangi hedef kitleye y\u00f6nelik olarak payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirleyicidir. Bu ba\u011flamdan kopar\u0131larak yap\u0131lan yeniden payla\u015f\u0131mlar, ki\u015finin \u00f6zel hayat\u0131na ve ki\u015fisel verilerine y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahale te\u015fkil edebilir. <\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2024 tarihli kararlar\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclen, \u201ckamuya a\u00e7\u0131k sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fisel veri olma niteli\u011fini kaybetmedi\u011fi<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki de\u011ferlendirmelerle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile Ki\u015fisel Verilerin Korunmas\u0131 Aras\u0131ndaki Denge<\/span><\/h4>\n

Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 26. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00fcndeme gelen bir di\u011fer temel hakt\u0131r. Ancak gerek Anayasa Mahkemesi gerekse A\u0130HM i\u00e7tihad\u0131nda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mutlak bir hak olarak kabul edilmemekte; ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u00f6hret ve haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulamakta; bu denge kurulurken m\u00fcdahalenin kanuni dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, me\u015fru bir ama\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve demokratik toplumda gerekli ve orant\u0131l\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemektedir. Ceza hukuku yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise \u00f6zellikle \u201cson \u00e7are<\/em>\u201d (ultima ratio<\/em>) ilkesi \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu noktada, Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a rastlanan \u201chukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareket etti\u011fini bilme veya bilebilecek durumda olma<\/em>\u201d kriteri, anayasal denge testinin ceza hukuku alan\u0131ndaki yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Failin ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda hareket etti\u011fi inanc\u0131yla ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bilinci olmaks\u0131z\u0131n davranmas\u0131, su\u00e7un manevi unsurunun olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirleyici olmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve A\u0130HM \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 8. maddesi, \u00f6zel hayata ve aile hayat\u0131na sayg\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r. A\u0130HM, \u00f6zel hayat kavram\u0131n\u0131 son derece geni\u015f yorumlamakta; ki\u015finin kimli\u011fini, onurunu, itibar\u0131n\u0131 ve ki\u015fisel verilerini bu kavram\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz unsurlar\u0131 olarak kabul etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u0130HM i\u00e7tihad\u0131na g\u00f6re, ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131, modern toplumlarda \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n merkezinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Mahkeme, dijital ortamlarda yap\u0131lan veri i\u015flemlerinin ve sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n bireyler \u00fczerinde ciddi etkiler do\u011furabilece\u011fini kabul etmekte; devletlerin bu alanda etkili hukuki koruma mekanizmalar\u0131 olu\u015fturma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri bulundu\u011funu belirtmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan A\u0130HM, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi her somut olay\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Mahkeme, kamuoyunu ilgilendiren bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan payla\u015f\u0131mlar ile salt te\u015fhir, if\u015fa veya ki\u015fisel sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan payla\u015f\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmaktad\u0131r. Sosyal medyada ki\u015fisel verilerin r\u0131za d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu durumda \u00f6zel hayata y\u00f6nelik a\u011f\u0131r bir m\u00fcdahale olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda TCK 136\u2019n\u0131n \u201csoyut tehlike su\u00e7u<\/em>\u201d olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmas\u0131yla da uyumludur. A\u0130HM a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan, fiilin potansiyel olarak ki\u015fisel haklar \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikedir; somut bir zarar do\u011fup do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her zaman belirleyici de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasal ve Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7er\u00e7evenin Ceza Hukuku Uygulamas\u0131na Etkisi<\/span><\/h4>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi ve A\u0130HM i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, sosyal medyada ki\u015fisel veri ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin ceza hukuku uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n dar ve \u015fekli bir yorumla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde daraltacak, her payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 potansiyel su\u00e7 haline getirecek geni\u015fletici yorumlardan da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zellikle son y\u0131llarda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201csomut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re titiz de\u011ferlendirme<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, anayasal ve uluslararas\u0131 standartlarla uyumlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Failin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bilinci, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ba\u011flam\u0131, verinin niteli\u011fi, ma\u011fdurun r\u0131zas\u0131, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n amac\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmeden verilen mahkumiyet kararlar\u0131n\u0131n, anayasal dengeyi zedeleme riski bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

De\u011ferlendirme ve Sonu\u00e7<\/span><\/h3>\n

Sosyal medyan\u0131n bireysel ve toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n merkezine yerle\u015fmesi, ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131 sorununu klasik ceza hukuku kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ta\u015f\u0131yan yeni bir normatif ve i\u00e7tihadi alan yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta teknolojik geli\u015fmelere cevap verebilecek nitelikte g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte, uygulamada \u00f6zellikle sosyal medya ba\u011flam\u0131nda ciddi yorum ve s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ncelenen Yarg\u0131tay daire kararlar\u0131 ve Ceza Genel Kurulu i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu alan\u0131n hen\u00fcz \u201ctam istikrar kazanm\u0131\u015f<\/em>\u201d bir i\u00e7tihat doktrinine kavu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; aksine, olay bazl\u0131, ba\u011flamsal ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman failin s\u00fcbjektif durumu \u00fczerinden \u015fekillenen bir de\u011ferlendirme prati\u011finin benimsendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle vurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, TCK<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n 135 ve 136. maddeleri ile korunan hukuki de\u011fer, yaln\u0131zca \u201cgizli<\/em>\u201d ya da \u201cmahrem<\/em>\u201d veriler de\u011fildir. Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun ve Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesinin istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi \u00fczere, ki\u015fisel veri kavram\u0131 son derece geni\u015ftir ve \u201cherkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinen<\/em>\u201d, \u201ckolayca ula\u015f\u0131labilen<\/em>\u201d ya da \u201ckamuya a\u00e7\u0131k<\/em>\u201d nitelikteki bilgiler dahi ki\u015fisel veri olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini kaybetmez. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ki\u015fisel verinin niteli\u011fini verinin i\u00e7eri\u011finden ziyade, ilgili ki\u015finin ki\u015filik haklar\u0131yla olan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden tan\u0131mlayan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f veri koruma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla uyumludur. Nitekim gerek Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 20. maddesi gerek 6698 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun<\/a>, ki\u015fisel verinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 bireyin ki\u015filik hakk\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir unsuru olarak kabul etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, i\u00e7tihatlar dikkatle incelendi\u011finde, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin su\u00e7lar\u0131n uygulama alan\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fletme e\u011filiminde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6zellikle sosyal medyada yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u201chukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>\u201d unsurunun belirlenmesinde olduk\u00e7a hassas bir denge kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay, bir yandan sosyal medyada payla\u015f\u0131lan her verinin otomatik olarak hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi ya da yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 reddetmekte; di\u011fer yandan, salt \u201ckamuya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d olgusunun fail i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir kullan\u0131m serbestisi do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00f6zellikle 2024 tarihli Yarg\u0131tay 12. Ceza Dairesi karar\u0131nda (2022\/4834 E., 2024\/8047 K., 24.12.2024<\/em>) belirginle\u015fmi\u015f; kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n herkese a\u00e7\u0131k Instagram hesaplar\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 foto\u011fraflar\u0131n, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerce r\u0131za d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fekilde yeniden yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131n, ki\u015fisel veri korumas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu noktada, i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n belki de en kritik katk\u0131s\u0131, TCK<\/a> m.136 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201chukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareket etti\u011fini bilme veya bilebilecek durumda olma<\/em>\u201d \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn belirginle\u015ftirilmesidir. Yarg\u0131tay, \u00f6zellikle beraatle sonu\u00e7lanan baz\u0131 dosyalarda, failin eyleminin objektif olarak hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine ra\u011fmen, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri gere\u011fi failin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bilinciyle hareket etmedi\u011fi veya bu bilinci ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ceza sorumlulu\u011funun yaln\u0131zca maddi fiile de\u011fil, failin kast\u0131na ve hukuki de\u011ferlendirme kapasitesine de ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda, uygulamada ciddi bir belirsizlik potansiyeli de bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Zira \u201chukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilebilme<\/em>\u201d kriteri, failin sosyal medya kullan\u0131m al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, e\u011fitimi, mesle\u011fi ve payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ba\u011flam\u0131 gibi son derece s\u00fcbjektif unsurlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7abilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fi ile ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r da, sosyal medya ba\u011flam\u0131nda i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n en \u00e7ok zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlardan biridir. Yarg\u0131tay, \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ve ses kay\u0131tlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, her ki\u015fisel verinin ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6zel hayat verisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmekte; ki\u015finin \u00f6zel ya\u015fam alan\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin TCK<\/a> m.134 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u00f6zel hayat alan\u0131na girmeyen ancak ki\u015fiyi belirlenebilir k\u0131lan foto\u011fraflar, isimler ve ileti\u015fim bilgileri gibi unsurlar\u0131n TCK<\/a> m.136 kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki yakla\u015f\u0131m, normlar aras\u0131 sistematik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan isabetlidir. Bu ayr\u0131m, ceza hukukunda \u201cayn\u0131 fiilin farkl\u0131 su\u00e7 tipleri alt\u0131nda m\u00fckerrer bi\u00e7imde cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d riskini azaltmakta ve TCK<\/a> m.44\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen fikri i\u00e7tima h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde uygulanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasal ve uluslararas\u0131 boyut a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk ceza hukuku uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n genel \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin, Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi i\u00e7tihad\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uyumlu oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. A\u0130HM, ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zel hayata sayg\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmekte; kamusal alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen eylemlerin dahi, bireyin makul gizlilik beklentisini tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir. T\u00fcrk yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k alan ve sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201ctan\u0131nmazl\u0131k ve dikkat \u00e7ekmezlik<\/em>\u201d ilkelerine vurgu yapmas\u0131, bu uluslararas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7 hukuka yans\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ancak A\u0130HM i\u00e7tihad\u0131n\u0131n aksine, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ki\u015fisel verilerin korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sistematik bir \u201cdenge testine<\/em>\u201d ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez. Bu denge \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00f6rt\u00fck bi\u00e7imde kurulmakta, a\u00e7\u0131k ve \u015feffaf bir metodoloji ortaya konmamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, T\u00fcrk Ceza Hukukunda sosyal medyada ki\u015fisel veri ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin koruma rejimi, normatif a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc; ancak uygulama bak\u0131m\u0131ndan h\u00e2len geli\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131k bir yap\u0131 arz etmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay ve Ceza Genel Kurulu i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu alan\u0131n temel parametrelerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde belirlemi\u015f olmakla birlikte, \u00f6zellikle hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bilinci, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k verilerin yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve su\u00e7 tipleri aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar konusunda daha \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ve tutarl\u0131 bir i\u00e7tihat \u00e7izgisine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r. Gelecekte, hem Anayasa Mahkemesinin bireysel ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131n\u0131n hem de A\u0130HM i\u00e7tihad\u0131n\u0131n daha yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde i\u00e7 hukuka yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, sosyal medya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ki\u015fisel veri korumas\u0131n\u0131n hem bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri hem de ifade h\u00fcrriyetini dengeleyen daha rafine bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dijitalle\u015fmenin ve sosyal medyan\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmesi, bireylerin ki\u015fisel verilerinin ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fle k\u0131yaslanamayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sosyal medya platformlar\u0131, bireylere kendilerini ifade etme, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olma ve ileti\u015fim kurma imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunarken; ayn\u0131 zamanda ki\u015fisel verilerin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde elde edilmesi, payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve if\u015fa edilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ciddi hukuki riskleri de 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