{"id":29339,"date":"2025-09-14T16:09:24","date_gmt":"2025-09-14T13:09:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=29339"},"modified":"2026-04-14T13:08:12","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T10:08:12","slug":"appointment-of-trustees-for-company-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/appointment-of-trustees-for-company-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Appointment of Trustees for Company Management"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The appointment of trustees (<em>kayy\u0131m tayini<\/em>) has emerged as one of the most consequential legal mechanisms shaping corporate governance in Turkey. Positioned at the intersection of criminal law, corporate law, and state intervention, trusteeship reflects a fundamental tension: the need to prevent unlawful use of corporate structures versus the protection of property rights, investor confidence, and market stability. In essence, trusteeship involves the temporary transfer of management powers from company organs to court-appointed authorities. While similar mechanisms exist in other jurisdictions &#8211; such as receivership in the United Kingdom or court-appointed trustees in the United States &#8211; the scale and frequency of trustee appointments in Turkey, particularly over large corporate groups, distinguish it from comparative practice.<!--more--><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1667\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Over the past decade, trusteeship has been applied to prominent conglomerates including Koza \u0130pek, Kaynak Holding, Boydak Holding, and most recently Can Holding (2025). These interventions have extended beyond individual companies to entire corporate ecosystems, affecting shareholders, creditors, employees, and international business partners.\u00a0For foreign investors and multinational companies, trusteeship presents a complex legal environment involving contractual risk, cross-border enforceability issues, regulatory exposure, and reputational considerations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1894\" data-end=\"2152\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm, with its expertise in corporate law, criminal investigations, and international dispute resolution, provides strategic legal support to navigate these challenges &#8211; ensuring that clients are protected both proactively and in times of crisis.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">1. Background &amp; Current Context: The Concept of Trusteeship in Corporate Law<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"199\" data-end=\"239\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">1.1. Meaning and Purpose of Trusteeship<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4004\" data-end=\"4386\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship in corporate law refers to the appointment of a neutral third party by a judicial authority to assume control, management, or supervision of a company. This mechanism is designed to operate as a temporary safeguard, ensuring that corporate assets are protected and that business operations continue within legal boundaries when ordinary governance structures fail. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Its core purposes include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4417\" data-end=\"4694\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1qmdg5o\" data-start=\"4417\" data-end=\"4474\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">safeguarding assets from dissipation or unlawful use,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"iaw5bo\" data-start=\"4475\" data-end=\"4525\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">maintaining continuity of business operations,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1rpgvos\" data-start=\"4526\" data-end=\"4588\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">protecting stakeholders including creditors and employees,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"9gipx\" data-start=\"4589\" data-end=\"4642\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">securing evidence in criminal investigations, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"i03y36\" data-start=\"4643\" data-end=\"4694\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">preserving public trust in the economic system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4696\" data-end=\"4855\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship is therefore not intended as a permanent replacement for corporate governance but as an extraordinary intervention justified only by necessity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"812\" data-end=\"856\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">1.2. Trusteeship in Comparative Perspective<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4907\" data-end=\"5009\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Across jurisdictions, similar mechanisms exist but are typically more limited in scope and duration:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5011\" data-end=\"5478\">\n<li data-section-id=\"18dw733\" data-start=\"5011\" data-end=\"5176\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In the\u00a0United Kingdom, administration and receivership aim primarily at rescuing businesses or maximizing creditor returns under strict judicial supervision.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1tzivq\" data-start=\"5177\" data-end=\"5322\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In the United States, court-appointed trustees and receivers operate within clearly defined mandates, often in bankruptcy or fraud cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"nwdthc\" data-start=\"5323\" data-end=\"5478\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In Germany, insolvency administrators and special examiners (<em data-start=\"5390\" data-end=\"5404\">Sonderpr\u00fcfer<\/em>) act under codified duties ensuring proportionality and accountability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5480\" data-end=\"5617\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A common feature in all systems is that such interventions are time-bound, proportionate, and subject to rigorous judicial oversight.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1670\" data-end=\"1708\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">1.3. Contemporary Uses of Trusteeship<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"5666\" data-end=\"5726\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Modern trusteeship is typically applied in three contexts:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5728\" data-end=\"6046\">\n<li data-section-id=\"2yd94i\" data-start=\"5728\" data-end=\"5822\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Financial crises, where institutions must be stabilized to protect systemic integrity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1srxujk\" data-start=\"5823\" data-end=\"5935\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Criminal investigations, where companies are suspected of being used as instruments of illegal activity;<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ry8l2y\" data-start=\"5936\" data-end=\"6046\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Public-interest sectors, where continuity of services &#8211; such as media, energy, or education -is critical.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"6048\" data-end=\"6178\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">However, interventions in sensitive sectors, particularly media, raise concerns regarding freedom of expression and pluralism.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2452\" data-end=\"2477\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">1.4. The Turkish Context<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6214\" data-end=\"6527\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turkey has developed a distinctive practice of trusteeship, particularly through the application of Article 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK)<\/a>. Courts have appointed trustees not only to individual companies but also to entire corporate groups, often involving dozens or even hundreds of entities. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A defining feature of Turkish practice is the frequent appointment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tmsf.org.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TMSF<\/a> as trustee. With its institutional capacity, TMSF plays a central role in managing seized companies, ensuring continuity but also expanding the scope of state involvement in private enterprise. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Can Holding operation (2025), following earlier interventions in Koza \u0130pek, Kaynak, and Boydak, illustrates the scale, economic significance, and international implications of trusteeship in Turkey.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"11kx9zv\" data-start=\"7024\" data-end=\"7094\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">1.5. \ud83d\udd32 Practical Box: Immediate Actions When Trusteeship Is Imposed<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-section-id=\"1xb3cyz\" data-start=\"7096\" data-end=\"7149\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">Immediate Legal Actions (First 48 &#8211; 72 Hours)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7151\" data-end=\"7422\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1hcdjgo\" data-start=\"7151\" data-end=\"7200\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Review the court decision and determine scope<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1uukvo5\" data-start=\"7201\" data-end=\"7246\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Identify affected companies and contracts<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"4lpj40\" data-start=\"7247\" data-end=\"7285\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Secure financial and legal records<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qgs0ke\" data-start=\"7286\" data-end=\"7325\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Notify banks and key counterparties<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"os1y74\" data-start=\"7326\" data-end=\"7385\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Assess contractual triggers (default\/change-of-control)<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"16o8vt9\" data-start=\"7386\" data-end=\"7422\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Engage legal counsel immediately<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"7424\" data-end=\"7502\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Early intervention is critical to protect legal and financial interests.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2. Turkish Legal Framework: When and How Trustees Are Appointed<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"177\" data-end=\"245\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.1. Criminal-Law Based Trusteeship for Companies (CMK Article 133)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"447\" data-end=\"862\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Under Article 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a>), Turkish courts may appoint trustees to manage a company where there is strong suspicion that certain crimes have been committed within the scope of the company\u2019s activities. This measure is classified as a protective criminal procedure measure, aimed at preventing further unlawful conduct and preserving evidence during the investigation stage.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The appointment is typically requested by the public prosecutor and decided by the Criminal Court of Peace (<em data-start=\"976\" data-end=\"997\">Sulh Ceza Hakimli\u011fi<\/em>). The court evaluates whether trusteeship is necessary and proportionate in light of the alleged offences. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In practice, two main models have developed:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1383\">\n<li data-section-id=\"16vqeep\" data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1268\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Co-signature model: existing management remains in place but requires trustee approval for key decisions;<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"13sh7ge\" data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1383\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Replacement model: trustees fully assume management powers, effectively displacing the board of directors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1582\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">While the law envisions trusteeship as a temporary measure, its duration in practice may extend significantly, particularly in large-scale investigations involving complex corporate structures.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1589\" data-end=\"1649\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.2. Practical Implications of CMK 133 Trusteeship<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1765\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The appointment of a trustee under CMK 133 has immediate and far-reaching consequences for corporate operations:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"2030\">\n<li data-section-id=\"6n06oa\" data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1853\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Management authority is transferred or restricted, affecting decision-making speed<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"r90snn\" data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"1912\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Contracts may require trustee approval to remain valid<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15sfzyo\" data-start=\"1913\" data-end=\"1966\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Financial institutions may reassess risk exposure<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1nj9shm\" data-start=\"1967\" data-end=\"2030\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ongoing commercial transactions may be delayed or suspended<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2180\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For international businesses, these effects translate into operational disruption, contractual uncertainty, and increased compliance exposure.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2187\" data-end=\"2232\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.3. Risk of Group-Wide Application<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2234\" data-end=\"2518\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A notable feature of Turkish practice is that trusteeship is often extended beyond a single legal entity to entire corporate groups. Where companies are deemed economically or operationally interconnected, courts may appoint trustees across multiple subsidiaries simultaneously. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">This approach significantly amplifies the impact of trusteeship by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2590\" data-end=\"2733\">\n<li data-section-id=\"l5t0qg\" data-start=\"2590\" data-end=\"2629\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">affecting unrelated business lines,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"omj9uu\" data-start=\"2630\" data-end=\"2676\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">disrupting group financing structures, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"lye1t8\" data-start=\"2677\" data-end=\"2733\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">exposing multiple stakeholders to legal uncertainty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1dw316z\" data-start=\"2740\" data-end=\"2799\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">2.4. Role of the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (TMSF)<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2801\" data-end=\"3026\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In large and complex cases, Turkish courts frequently appoint the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (TMSF) as trustee. TMSF is a public institution with extensive experience in financial restructuring and asset management. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">When acting as trustee, TMSF assumes broad powers over company management and operations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3124\" data-end=\"3195\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.5. TMSF as Trustee: Operational Authority and Market Impact<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3197\" data-end=\"3294\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">When TMSF is appointed as trustee, its role goes beyond passive supervision and often includes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3296\" data-end=\"3502\">\n<li data-section-id=\"r455rc\" data-start=\"3296\" data-end=\"3349\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Exercising shareholder and board-level powers<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"mdavfi\" data-start=\"3350\" data-end=\"3381\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Replacing senior management<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"19yt2lq\" data-start=\"3382\" data-end=\"3418\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Restructuring company operations<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"xukykp\" data-start=\"3419\" data-end=\"3454\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Managing or disposing of assets<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1121uog\" data-start=\"3455\" data-end=\"3502\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ensuring financial stability and continuity<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3504\" data-end=\"3734\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">TMSF typically acts under a \u201c<em>prudent merchant<\/em>\u201d principle, focusing on preserving asset value. However, its involvement also signals heightened state control, which may influence investor perception and market confidence.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3741\" data-end=\"3804\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.6. Implications for Foreign Investors and Creditors<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3806\" data-end=\"3882\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For foreign stakeholders, TMSF involvement raises several critical issues:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3884\" data-end=\"4094\">\n<li data-section-id=\"mc1jtf\" data-start=\"3884\" data-end=\"3955\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Whether existing contracts remain enforceable without renegotiation<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"144sk8k\" data-start=\"3956\" data-end=\"4014\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Whether financing arrangements trigger default clauses<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"beihxq\" data-start=\"4015\" data-end=\"4094\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Whether decisions taken by TMSF will be recognized in foreign jurisdictions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4096\" data-end=\"4193\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">These considerations make early legal assessment essential for protecting cross-border interests.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1oeotyy\" data-start=\"4200\" data-end=\"4270\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">2.7. Civil-Law Based Trusteeship (TMK Articles 403, 426\/3, 427\/4)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4272\" data-end=\"4454\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Separate from criminal-law trusteeship, the Turkish Civil Code (TMK) provides for the appointment of trustees in situations where corporate governance cannot function properly. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Courts may appoint trustees where:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4664\">\n<li data-section-id=\"lgqea3\" data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4552\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">company organs are unable to operate (organ paralysis),<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1m77kd9\" data-start=\"4553\" data-end=\"4607\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">conflicts of interest prevent fair representation,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1brsg7f\" data-start=\"4608\" data-end=\"4664\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">a neutral representative is required for litigation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4666\" data-end=\"4763\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">These trustees are typically appointed by Civil Courts of Peace (<em data-start=\"4735\" data-end=\"4759\">Sulh Hukuk Mahkemeleri<\/em>). <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Unlike CMK 133 trusteeship, civil-law trusteeship is not punitive but functional and corrective, aiming to restore effective governance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"4912\" data-end=\"4983\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.8. Strategic Use of Civil Trusteeship in Corporate Disputes<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4985\" data-end=\"5072\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Civil-law trusteeship is often underutilized but can be a powerful strategic tool in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5074\" data-end=\"5203\">\n<li data-section-id=\"gqjnfs\" data-start=\"5074\" data-end=\"5099\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">shareholder disputes,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1nemcmv\" data-start=\"5100\" data-end=\"5142\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">deadlock situations in joint ventures,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"vdt8uk\" data-start=\"5143\" data-end=\"5203\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">litigation requiring independent company representation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5205\" data-end=\"5394\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Compared to criminal trusteeship, it is more targeted, proportionate, and limited in scope, making it particularly relevant for resolving corporate conflicts without state intervention.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"9rrx6t\" data-start=\"5401\" data-end=\"5461\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">2.9. Distinction Between Criminal and Civil Trusteeship<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5463\" data-end=\"5565\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Although both mechanisms involve court-appointed trustees, their legal nature differs fundamentally:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5567\" data-end=\"5781\">\n<li data-section-id=\"8d0ies\" data-start=\"5567\" data-end=\"5674\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">CMK 133 trusteeship is a coercive criminal-law measure aimed at preventing and investigating crime;<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"rb53o8\" data-start=\"5675\" data-end=\"5781\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">TMK trusteeship is a civil-law mechanism designed to restore corporate functionality and fairness.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5783\" data-end=\"5819\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">This distinction directly affects:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5820\" data-end=\"5946\">\n<li data-section-id=\"yd9kuy\" data-start=\"5820\" data-end=\"5849\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">available legal remedies,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"16lvsyf\" data-start=\"5850\" data-end=\"5889\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">duration and scope of intervention,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"jseyup\" data-start=\"5890\" data-end=\"5946\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">impact on shareholder rights and corporate autonomy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"5953\" data-end=\"6010\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.10 Why the Distinction Matters for Businesses<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"6012\" data-end=\"6093\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Understanding the legal basis of trusteeship is critical because it determines:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6095\" data-end=\"6268\">\n<li data-section-id=\"18bxdvq\" data-start=\"6095\" data-end=\"6130\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">the level of state involvement,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"19s9860\" data-start=\"6131\" data-end=\"6171\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">the likelihood of long-term control,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"oozx9y\" data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6213\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">the strategy for legal challenge, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1noldo4\" data-start=\"6214\" data-end=\"6268\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">the potential impact on contracts and investments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"6270\" data-end=\"6386\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Businesses that fail to distinguish between these regimes risk adopting ineffective or delayed legal strategies.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"evfhkx\" data-start=\"6393\" data-end=\"6427\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">2.11. Professional Perspective<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6429\" data-end=\"6568\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Navigating trusteeship requires an integrated understanding of criminal law, corporate governance, and international legal standards. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm advises clients across both regimes, representing companies, shareholders, and investors in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6684\" data-end=\"6868\">\n<li data-section-id=\"oeueo4\" data-start=\"6684\" data-end=\"6743\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">criminal investigations involving trustee appointments,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"p0cesz\" data-start=\"6744\" data-end=\"6795\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">civil disputes requiring strategic trustee use,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"wzvbte\" data-start=\"6796\" data-end=\"6868\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">cross-border matters where recognition and enforcement issues arise.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3. Procedure &amp; Practical Mechanics<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"190\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.1. Initiation of Trusteeship<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"191\" data-end=\"265\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The appointment of trustees in Turkey can be triggered in two main ways:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"268\" data-end=\"607\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Criminal-law trusteeship (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> 133): initiated by the public prosecutor during the investigation phase. The court must be convinced of the existence of strong suspicion that listed crimes were committed within the company\u2019s activities, and that trustee appointment is necessary to uncover the truth or prevent further illegal conduct.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"830\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Civil-law trusteeship (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4721&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TMK<\/a> 403, 426\/3, 427\/4): initiated by shareholders, creditors, or even company directors when corporate governance becomes impossible due to paralysis, conflict of interest, or missing organs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"854\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.2. Competent Courts<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"857\" data-end=\"958\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Criminal-law trusteeship is decided by the Criminal Courts of Peace (<em data-start=\"930\" data-end=\"954\">Sulh Ceza Hakimlikleri<\/em>).<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"961\" data-end=\"1052\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Civil-law trusteeship is decided by Civil Courts of Peace (<em data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1048\">Sulh Hukuk Mahkemeleri<\/em>).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"1054\" data-end=\"1080\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.3. Scope of Appointment<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1115\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship orders may apply to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1118\" data-end=\"1137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">a single company,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1167\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">multiple subsidiaries, or<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1170\" data-end=\"1239\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">entire conglomerates when activities are considered interconnected.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1241\" data-end=\"1446\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">This broad scope has been observed in large-scale cases such as Koza \u0130pek, Kaynak, Boydak, and Can Holding, where dozens or even hundreds of companies were placed under trustee management simultaneously.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1448\" data-end=\"1479\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.4. Trustee Duties and Powers<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1480\" data-end=\"1585\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Once appointed, trustees are vested with powers determined by the court order. These typically include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1627\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">day-to-day management of the company,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1630\" data-end=\"1664\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">safeguarding and valuing assets,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1667\" data-end=\"1728\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1731\" data-end=\"1801\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">preparing reports for the court on financial and operational status,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1804\" data-end=\"1855\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">protecting the rights of employees and creditors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1857\" data-end=\"2052\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Where TMSF is appointed, additional powers under the Banking Law may apply, extending trusteeship beyond ordinary management into areas of restructuring, asset sales, and financial supervision.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2054\" data-end=\"2079\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.5. Duration and Review<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2080\" data-end=\"2269\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship should remain in force only as long as necessary. Courts are expected to review the measure periodically, though in practice reviews may be infrequent. Trusteeship terminates:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2272\" data-end=\"2332\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">when the criminal investigation is closed without charges,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2335\" data-end=\"2397\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">when a trial concludes and no further risk is identified, or<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2400\" data-end=\"2460\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">when the governance crisis in civil-law cases is resolved.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"2462\" data-end=\"2520\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.6. Stakeholder Communication and Practical Implications<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2521\" data-end=\"2596\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship has immediate and far-reaching implications for stakeholders:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2599\" data-end=\"2684\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Employees may face uncertainty regarding management decisions and job security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2687\" data-end=\"2805\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Suppliers and contractors often seek reassurance about the validity of contracts signed under trustee authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2808\" data-end=\"2906\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Creditors and banks need to assess the enforceability of securities and repayment schedules.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2909\" data-end=\"3016\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Shareholders experience temporary loss of control, raising concerns about long-term value and rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3018\" data-end=\"3291\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For businesses with foreign investors or international partners, trusteeship can create cross-border complications. Recognition of trustee authority in foreign jurisdictions is not automatic and may be challenged, as seen in the Koza \u0130pek litigation before UK courts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3293\" data-end=\"3363\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm assists clients in these practical dimensions by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3366\" data-end=\"3410\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">clarifying the scope of trustee authority,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3413\" data-end=\"3469\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">reviewing contracts and securities for enforceability,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3472\" data-end=\"3542\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">communicating with trustees and regulators on behalf of clients, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3545\" data-end=\"3637\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">providing cross-border advice where international recognition or enforcement issues arise.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4. Rights, Safeguards &amp; Remedies<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"200\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4.1. Judicial Review and Legal Remedies<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"201\" data-end=\"397\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship orders, whether under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> 133 or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4721&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TMK<\/a>, represent a significant interference with company autonomy and property rights. For this reason, they are subject to judicial oversight.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"592\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In criminal-law trusteeship, affected parties (such as company owners or directors) may challenge the appointment before higher courts, seeking annulment or modification of the decision.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"766\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In civil-law trusteeship, shareholders or creditors can apply for review, replacement of trustees, or termination of the measure once governance issues are resolved.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"768\" data-end=\"802\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4.2. Principle of Proportionality<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"1005\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turkish law, consistent with constitutional principles, requires that any restriction on rights must be necessary and proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued. In trusteeship cases, this means:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1142\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The appointment should only be made if less restrictive measures (such as asset freezing or independent auditing) would not suffice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1145\" data-end=\"1272\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The scope of trustee powers should be tailored to the specific risks identified, rather than granting overly broad authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1275\" data-end=\"1355\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship should be reviewed periodically to ensure its continued necessity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1390\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4.3. Human Rights Considerations<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1391\" data-end=\"1638\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is highly relevant in this context. Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 protects the right to property, which extends to corporate entities. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) requires that:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1641\" data-end=\"1708\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">any interference with property must have a clear legal basis,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1711\" data-end=\"1793\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">it must pursue a legitimate public interest (e.g., prevention of crime), and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1796\" data-end=\"1912\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">it must strike a fair balance between the interests of the community and the rights of the individual\/company.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1914\" data-end=\"2238\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In cases of prolonged trusteeship without sufficient judicial review or where entire corporate groups are affected indiscriminately, there is a real risk of breaching these standards. This is particularly sensitive where media companies are concerned, as freedom of expression (Article 10 ECHR) may also be implicated.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2240\" data-end=\"2268\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4.4. Safeguards in Practice<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2269\" data-end=\"2322\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">To mitigate these risks, safeguards should include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2325\" data-end=\"2378\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Clear court reasoning in trusteeship decisions,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2381\" data-end=\"2420\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Defined limits on trustee powers,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2423\" data-end=\"2472\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Regular reporting by trustees to the court,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2475\" data-end=\"2533\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Right of stakeholders to be heard during review, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2536\" data-end=\"2610\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Termination clauses ensuring trusteeship does not become indefinite.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"2612\" data-end=\"2643\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4.5. Remedies for Stakeholders<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2644\" data-end=\"2711\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Stakeholders affected by trusteeship may pursue various remedies:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2714\" data-end=\"2787\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Appeal and objection procedures within the Turkish judicial system,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2790\" data-end=\"2867\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Compensation claims for damages if trusteeship is later found unlawful,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2870\" data-end=\"3009\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">International remedies, including applications to the ECtHR where violations of property rights or fair-trial guarantees are alleged.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3011\" data-end=\"3303\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm represents clients in both domestic challenges and international remedies. With expertise in constitutional litigation and human-rights law, the firm ensures that clients\u2019 rights are defended robustly while maintaining strategies to safeguard ongoing business operations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">5. International &amp; Comparative Perspectives<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"192\" data-end=\"229\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">5.1. European Human Rights Framework<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"230\" data-end=\"507\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has repeatedly emphasized that corporate entities enjoy protection under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (A1P1) of the European Convention on Human Rights. Any interference with property must satisfy three cumulative conditions:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"606\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Legality \u2013 the measure must be based on accessible, precise, and foreseeable legislation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"693\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Legitimate aim \u2013 usually prevention of crime or protection of economic order;<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"826\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Proportionality \u2013 a fair balance must be struck between the general interest and the burden placed on the affected company.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"1175\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">When trusteeship results in long-term state control, indiscriminate group-wide seizures, or lack of periodic review, questions arise whether these standards are met. In media cases, Article 10 ECHR (freedom of expression) also comes into play, as trustee-managed media outlets may face pressures that indirectly limit editorial independence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1130\" data-end=\"1267\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">ECtHR case law makes clear that not only tangible assets but also control over a company constitutes a protected economic interest.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Accordingly, the transfer of management authority to trustees represents a direct interference with property rights, requiring strict scrutiny under international law. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Where trusteeship is applied to large corporate groups or entire sectors, the ECtHR is likely to apply heightened scrutiny, particularly where:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1795\">\n<li data-section-id=\"5w7hgv\" data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1701\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">measures affect multiple stakeholders,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"11nwtxe\" data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1734\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">interventions are prolonged,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1u04a0\" data-start=\"1735\" data-end=\"1795\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">economic consequences extend beyond the targeted entity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"1177\" data-end=\"1217\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">5.2. The Koza \u0130pek Litigation in the UK<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1218\" data-end=\"1700\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Koza \u0130pek Group case illustrates the cross-border challenges of Turkish trusteeship. Trustees appointed in Turkey attempted to assert control over UK subsidiaries. The English High Court scrutinized whether the Turkish trusteeship was compatible with English principles of corporate governance and international public policy. Ultimately, the court limited recognition of trustee acts, highlighting that foreign trusteeship orders are not automatically enforceable abroad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1906\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">This litigation is a cautionary tale for international investors and business partners: corporate acts under trusteeship in Turkey may face obstacles in recognition, financing, and enforcement overseas.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1935\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">5.3. US and UK Comparisons<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1938\" data-end=\"2160\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">United States: Court-appointed receivers or bankruptcy trustees are installed mainly to preserve assets for creditors. Their powers are closely supervised and time-limited, reflecting a creditor-protection rationale.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2163\" data-end=\"2438\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">United Kingdom: Administration, receivership, and company voluntary arrangements provide structured and time-bound mechanisms with the explicit aim of business rescue or creditor satisfaction. Oversight by insolvency practitioners and the courts ensures accountability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2440\" data-end=\"2611\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">These systems demonstrate a strong emphasis on judicial supervision, creditor protection, and temporal limits, serving as benchmarks for evaluating Turkish practice.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2613\" data-end=\"2631\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">5.4. German Model<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2632\" data-end=\"3073\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Germany offers a contrasting approach through instruments such as Sonderpr\u00fcfer (special examiners) and insolvency administrators. These figures have well-defined mandates in law, ensuring proportionality and protecting both minority shareholders and creditors. German corporate governance culture, built around a two-tier board system, provides structural checks and balances that often reduce the need for trustee-style interventions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3075\" data-end=\"3099\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">5.5. Lessons for Turkey<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3100\" data-end=\"3150\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Comparative insights suggest three main lessons:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3154\" data-end=\"3225\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship should be exceptional and time-bound, not indefinite.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3229\" data-end=\"3325\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Powers of trustees must be clearly defined and limited to the purposes of the appointment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3329\" data-end=\"3417\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Judicial oversight and stakeholder participation are essential to maintain legitimacy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3419\" data-end=\"3669\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm, with its international desks and cross-border litigation experience, advises clients on how to adapt to these divergent frameworks, defend their rights abroad, and design contracts that anticipate potential recognition disputes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6. Case Gallery: Beyond Can Holding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"271\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship in Turkey has been shaped not only by statutory provisions but also by high-profile enforcement actions involving major corporate groups. These cases illustrate how trusteeship operates in practice and provide valuable lessons for businesses, investors, and legal practitioners.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"271\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.1. Koza \u0130pek Group (2015 &#8211;\u00a0 )<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"1024\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">One of the earliest and most controversial examples of criminal-law based trusteeship was the Koza \u0130pek Group, an energy and media conglomerate. Trustees were appointed over multiple companies on allegations of financing terrorism and money laundering. The group owned high-profile media outlets, and the appointment of trustees triggered sharp debates about media freedom, proportionality, and shareholder rights. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Internationally, the case spilled over into litigation in the UK High Court, where Turkish-appointed trustees sought to exercise control over Koza subsidiaries in London. The English court\u2019s refusal to automatically recognize their authority underscores the cross-border legal complications of Turkish trusteeship orders.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1026\" data-end=\"1055\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.2. Kaynak Holding (2015 &#8211;\u00a0 )<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1056\" data-end=\"1529\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kaynak Holding, with over 20 companies in education, publishing, and logistics, was placed under trusteeship following allegations of links to the G\u00fclen movement. The appointment marked one of the largest trustee interventions at the time, affecting thousands of employees. Reports suggested significant changes in management style and workforce composition under trustee control, raising concerns about business continuity and reputational damage for counterparties.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1531\" data-end=\"1560\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.3. Boydak Holding (2016 &#8211;\u00a0 )<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1561\" data-end=\"2025\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Boydak Holding, a major furniture and industrial conglomerate, also came under trusteeship on allegations of supporting terrorism. The appointment was later transformed into long-term control by TMSF, effectively nationalizing one of Turkey\u2019s largest family-owned businesses. This case illustrates how trusteeship, initially a temporary measure, can evolve into permanent state management, with lasting effects on ownership rights and investment climate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2027\" data-end=\"2075\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.4. \u0130zmir Clusters (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckbay &amp; Kavuklar, 2016)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2489\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In the aftermath of the July 2016 coup attempt, trustee appointments extended to regional conglomerates in \u0130zmir, such as K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckbay and Kavuklar. Dozens of companies in diverse sectors, from construction to energy, were seized under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> 133. These cases demonstrate the potential group-wide application of trusteeship, where entire clusters of affiliated businesses are brought under trustee control.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2491\" data-end=\"2515\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.5. Can Holding (2025)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2516\" data-end=\"3281\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The most recent and high-profile example is the Can Holding operation (September 2025). Prosecutors alleged large-scale financial crimes, including fraud and money laundering. Trustees were appointed over 121 companies, including leading media assets such as <em data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"2794\">Habert\u00fcrk<\/em>, <em data-start=\"2796\" data-end=\"2805\">Show TV<\/em>, and <em data-start=\"2811\" data-end=\"2825\">Bloomberg HT<\/em>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tmsf.org.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TMSF<\/a> assumed management powers immediately, ensuring operational continuity but also raising questions about editorial independence, long-term ownership rights, and the scale of state intervention in private enterprise.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2516\" data-end=\"3281\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.7. Ciner Group \/ Park Holding (2025)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2516\" data-end=\"3281\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In the widening probe linked to Can Holding, the Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutor\u2019s Office announced court-ordered trusteeship over parts of the Ciner ecosystem: the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tmsf.org.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TMSF<\/a>) was appointed as trustee to Park Holding A.\u015e. and several affiliates &#8211; AFC \u0130thalat \u0130hracat Turizm A.\u015e., Zeyfa \u0130thalat \u0130hracat A.\u015e., and Silopi Elektrik \u00dcretim A.\u015e. &#8211; with subsequent coverage totaling 18 companies. The measures, imposed under Criminal Procedure Code Article 133, were reported alongside detention and arrest warrants, including for Turgay Ciner, in investigations referencing organized crime, money-laundering and related economic offenses. These steps illustrate how Turkish courts deploy interim corporate trusteeship to preserve assets and managerial control during complex financial-crime inquiries involving large holding structures.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2516\" data-end=\"3281\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.8. Paramount\/Plaza Bodrum (2025)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2516\" data-end=\"3281\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Under the Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutor\u2019s investigation into \u201cestablishing a criminal organization,\u201d \u201cusury,\u201d and \u201claundering proceeds of crime,\u201d a Criminal Judgeship of Peace has appointed the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tmsf.org.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TMSF<\/a>) as trustee to manage Bodrum Otel \u0130\u015fletmeleri A.\u015e., which operates \u201cThe Plaza Bodrum\/Paramount Hotel.\u201d The measure &#8211; reported alongside asset seizure actions &#8211; follows detention orders for several suspects, including Sezgin Baran Korkmaz, Cihan Ek\u015fio\u011flu, \u00c7a\u011flar \u015eendil, Melike Y\u00fcksel, Sinan G\u00f6rkem G\u00f6k\u00e7e, \u015eaban Kay\u0131k\u00e7\u0131, and Alpan Keskin, in connection with allegations that the complainant company (Ufuk Turizm) was indebted to entities under their control and then re-lent funds at interest, while the hotel\u2019s \u201cusufruct\/operating right\u201d was transferred and allegedly co-run by some of the suspects. The Prosecutor\u2019s Office stated that TMSF\u2019s appointment was made pursuant to CMK Article 133, which permits court-ordered trusteeship for company management during criminal proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3288\" data-end=\"3320\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.9. Lessons from Case Practice<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3321\" data-end=\"3365\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Across these cases, several themes emerge:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3368\" data-end=\"3459\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship often extends far beyond a single company, covering entire conglomerates.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3462\" data-end=\"3551\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Appointments may last for years, sometimes evolving into de facto state management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3554\" data-end=\"3657\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Media companies under trusteeship face particular scrutiny due to freedom of expression concerns.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3660\" data-end=\"3782\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cross-border legal disputes (e.g., Koza in the UK) show that recognition of trustee powers abroad is not guaranteed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3784\" data-end=\"4095\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm closely monitors these cases and advises clients with direct or indirect exposure. Whether negotiating contracts with trustee-managed companies, litigating shareholder rights, or preparing cross-border enforcement strategies, the firm\u2019s experience ensures clients are not caught unprepared.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">7. Interfaces: Corporate, Banking &amp; Media-Freedom<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"189\" data-end=\"236\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">7.1. Corporate Governance and Market Stability<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"787\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">When trustees are appointed, especially over large conglomerates, the ordinary governance structure is disrupted. Boards of directors lose their authority, and shareholders are sidelined. This creates uncertainty not only for the affected company but also for its entire business network\u2014subsidiaries, suppliers, contractors, and customers. Corporate decision-making slows down as trustees must seek court approval for key transactions. For counterparties, this increases the risk of delayed payments, contract renegotiations, or even defaults.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"789\" data-end=\"1100\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In Turkey, where trusteeship has been applied to some of the country\u2019s largest industrial and commercial groups, these disruptions can have systemic effects on markets. For this reason, courts often appoint TMSF, an institution with financial and managerial capacity, to minimize economic instability.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1102\" data-end=\"1147\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">7.2. Banking and Finance Sector Implications<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1148\" data-end=\"1227\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship directly affects relations with banks and financial institutions:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1230\" data-end=\"1396\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Loan agreements: Trustee appointments may trigger change-of-control clauses or even events of default, giving lenders the right to accelerate repayment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1399\" data-end=\"1544\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Collateral and securities: Creditors may question the validity of mortgages, pledges, and guarantees executed by trustee-managed companies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1547\" data-end=\"1686\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Creditworthiness: Companies under trusteeship often face restrictions in obtaining new financing due to reputational and legal risks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1992\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Banks, both domestic and international, therefore need clear legal guidance to adjust their risk assessments and renegotiate terms. B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm frequently supports financial institutions in reviewing exposure, updating security packages, and ensuring enforceability of rights during trusteeship.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1994\" data-end=\"2031\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">7.3. Media and Freedom of Expression<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2257\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The most sensitive interface is in the media sector. Trustee appointments over media groups such as Koza \u0130pek (2015) and Can Holding\u2019s channels (2025) illustrate how trusteeship can alter editorial independence.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2260\" data-end=\"2386\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Editorial risk: Trustees may influence management decisions affecting newsrooms, programming, and journalistic autonomy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2389\" data-end=\"2546\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Pluralism concerns: Concentration of media outlets under state-appointed trustees raises questions about diversity of viewpoints and democratic debate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2549\" data-end=\"2783\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">International attention: Both the European Union and the Council of Europe have expressed concerns over trusteeship measures in media companies, linking them to broader debates on rule of law and freedom of expression in Turkey.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"2785\" data-end=\"2810\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">7.4. Balancing Interests<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2811\" data-end=\"2874\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship in strategic sectors reflects a delicate balance:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2877\" data-end=\"2972\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">On one hand, the state has a duty to prevent companies from being used for criminal activity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2975\" data-end=\"3115\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">On the other, prolonged or broad trustee interventions risk undermining investor confidence, financial stability, and media pluralism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3117\" data-end=\"3535\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm regularly advises banks, creditors, and media companies on contractual adjustments, compliance obligations, and reputational risk management when trusteeship reshapes governance structures. Our multidisciplinary approach combines expertise in corporate law, financial regulation, and human-rights law, allowing us to deliver holistic solutions to clients affected by these sensitive interventions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">8. Compliance &amp; Risk Management<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"213\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">8.1. For Companies Operating in Turkey<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"214\" data-end=\"406\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Companies should not wait until trusteeship is imposed to prepare. A robust compliance program is the best shield against allegations that may lead to trustee appointment. Key steps include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"564\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Strengthening internal compliance: Implementing anti-money laundering (AML), anti-bribery, and corporate governance policies tailored to Turkish law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"705\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Documenting decision-making: Maintaining detailed records of board decisions and financial transactions to demonstrate transparency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"851\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Crisis management planning: Establishing internal protocols for responding to dawn raids, investigations, or court-ordered interventions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"854\" data-end=\"1007\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Training executives and staff: Ensuring managers understand their duties under Turkish corporate and criminal law to minimize individual liability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"1009\" data-end=\"1040\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">8.2. For Lenders and Creditors<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1041\" data-end=\"1173\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship can change the financial risk profile of a company overnight. To mitigate this risk, banks and other creditors should:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1176\" data-end=\"1352\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Draft protective clauses: Loan agreements should contain clear change-of-control and trusteeship clauses that allow lenders to renegotiate terms or call in loans.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1355\" data-end=\"1496\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Refresh due diligence: Conduct periodic checks on borrowers\u2019 legal status, especially where allegations of financial crime may surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1499\" data-end=\"1647\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Secure collateral: Review mortgages, pledges, and personal guarantees to ensure they remain enforceable even if management passes to trustees.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"1649\" data-end=\"1695\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">8.3. For Foreign Investors and Counterparties<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1696\" data-end=\"1803\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">International investors face unique challenges when their Turkish partners fall under trustee management:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1806\" data-end=\"1976\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Recognition abroad: Acts of trustee-managed companies may not be automatically recognized in foreign jurisdictions (as shown in the Koza \u0130pek litigation in the UK).<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1979\" data-end=\"2153\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Contract performance: Investors should assess whether long-term contracts, licensing agreements, or joint ventures remain enforceable when a trustee replaces the board.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2156\" data-end=\"2274\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Exit strategies: Consider contractual provisions allowing withdrawal or renegotiation if trusteeship is imposed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"2276\" data-end=\"2308\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">8.4. The Role of Legal Advisors<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2509\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Navigating trusteeship requires specialized legal support that combines knowledge of Turkish corporate and criminal law with an understanding of international standards. B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm provides:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2512\" data-end=\"2611\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Preventive compliance audits for companies seeking to reduce exposure to trustee appointment,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2709\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Contract structuring to protect lenders and investors in case of governance intervention,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2712\" data-end=\"2814\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Negotiation and communication with trustees and regulators to safeguard business continuity, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2817\" data-end=\"2902\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cross-border advisory for recognition and enforcement issues in foreign courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2904\" data-end=\"3090\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">By integrating compliance, corporate, and international perspectives, B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm ensures that clients are not only reactive but also proactive in managing the risks of trusteeship.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9. Litigation &amp; Strategy Toolkit<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"180\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9.1. Challenging the Appointment of Trustees<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"181\" data-end=\"304\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Companies and shareholders affected by trusteeship under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> 133 or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4721&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TMK<\/a> have the right to challenge the decision:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"307\" data-end=\"447\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Appeals and objections: Immediate objection can be filed against the court order, requesting annulment or narrowing of trustee powers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"450\" data-end=\"596\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Scope limitation: Courts may be asked to restrict trusteeship to specific subsidiaries or business lines rather than an entire conglomerate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"745\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trustee replacement: If trustees fail to perform their duties impartially or competently, parties may request their removal and replacement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"747\" data-end=\"881\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">These remedies are essential for preserving proportionality and ensuring that trusteeship does not go beyond its legitimate purpose.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"883\" data-end=\"932\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9.2. Protecting Corporate and Shareholder Rights<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"1017\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Even when trusteeship is upheld, stakeholders can still safeguard their rights by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1020\" data-end=\"1122\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Demanding periodic review: Courts are obliged to reassess whether the measure remains necessary.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1125\" data-end=\"1306\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Preserving evidence of damage: Documenting financial losses, reputational harm, or missed opportunities caused by trusteeship can form the basis for later compensation claims.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1453\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Minority shareholder strategies: Minority owners may seek judicial protection against dilution of value or exclusion from decision-making.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"1455\" data-end=\"1484\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9.3. Cross-Border Litigation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1485\" data-end=\"1590\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship raises unique international law challenges, particularly when companies hold assets abroad:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1593\" data-end=\"1781\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Recognition disputes: As seen in the Koza \u0130pek case in the UK, foreign courts may refuse to recognize trustee authority if it conflicts with local corporate law or public policy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1784\" data-end=\"1941\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Anti-suit injunctions and parallel proceedings: Shareholders may resort to foreign courts to shield overseas subsidiaries from Turkish trustee control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1944\" data-end=\"2119\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Enforcement of contracts: Foreign investors may litigate in international arbitration or foreign courts if trusteeship undermines performance of cross-border agreements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"2121\" data-end=\"2164\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9.4. Strategic Approaches for Stakeholders<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2307\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Negotiated engagement: In some cases, cooperating with trustees to maintain operational continuity may be the most pragmatic approach.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2310\" data-end=\"2457\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Dual-track strategy: Companies may simultaneously challenge trusteeship in Turkish courts while pursuing protection in foreign jurisdictions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2460\" data-end=\"2676\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Proactive contractual planning: Building in arbitration clauses, choice-of-law provisions, and termination rights into agreements can provide additional layers of protection against trustee-related disruptions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"2678\" data-end=\"2705\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9.5. B\u0131\u00e7ak\u2019s Role<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2706\" data-end=\"2855\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak represents clients in both domestic litigation and cross-border disputes arising from trusteeship. Our services include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2858\" data-end=\"2908\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Filing objections and appeals in Turkish courts,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2911\" data-end=\"2975\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Litigating shareholder and creditor rights during trusteeship,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2978\" data-end=\"3048\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Pursuing compensation claims for unlawful or excessive interference,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3051\" data-end=\"3118\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Advising on international recognition and enforcement issues, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3121\" data-end=\"3228\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Designing dispute-resolution strategies that combine Turkish remedies with international law protections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3230\" data-end=\"3426\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">By leveraging experience in criminal law, corporate disputes, and international litigation, the firm provides clients with a comprehensive toolkit to defend their rights and mitigate losses.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">10. Policy Options &amp; Reform Proposals<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"31563j\" data-start=\"389\" data-end=\"422\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">10.1. The Need for Reform<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"868\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The practice of appointing trustees for company management in Turkey has evolved rapidly, especially in the aftermath of large-scale investigations and the use of TMSF as trustee. While the legal basis exists under CMK 133 and TMK, practice has revealed shortcomings in clarity, proportionality, and predictability. These gaps create uncertainty for businesses, shareholders, and international investors.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Recent data further underscores the scale and urgency of reform. As of 2025-2026, more than 1,100 companies have been transferred to TMSF management, employing approximately 56,000 individuals and holding assets valued at over 361 billion Turkish lira. Broader estimates suggest that total assets under TMSF control may reach up to 500 billion Turkish lira. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">These figures demonstrate that trusteeship is no longer an isolated legal mechanism, but a system-wide phenomenon with substantial economic implications, reinforcing the need for a more predictable and transparent framework.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"yjfuqv\" data-start=\"1470\" data-end=\"1500\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">10.2. Key Reform Areas<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1543\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">Codification of Trustee Duties:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trustees should be explicitly bound by fiduciary duties similar to those of company directors, including obligations of loyalty, impartiality, and transparency.<\/span><br data-start=\"1704\" data-end=\"1707\" \/><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Clear rules on conflict of interest and accountability would strengthen trust in the process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1802\" data-end=\"1848\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">Duration Limits and Periodic Review:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship should be limited to defined timeframes, subject to renewal only upon judicial justification. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Courts should be required to conduct periodic reviews, ensuring the measure does not become a de facto permanent takeover.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Given that hundreds of companies have remained under trustee control for extended periods, the absence of strict duration limits increases the risk of trusteeship evolving into long-term or quasi-permanent state management.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2315\" data-end=\"2362\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">Transparency and Notice Requirements:\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Affected companies and stakeholders should be formally notified of trustee appointments and given the opportunity to be heard. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trustees should publish periodic reports on financial and operational decisions, ensuring oversight by shareholders, creditors, and regulators.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In large-scale cases involving dozens or even hundreds of companies, transparency becomes even more critical to maintain investor confidence and market stability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2810\" data-end=\"2851\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">Tailored Scope of Appointments:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Instead of seizing entire groups, trusteeship orders should be limited to companies or activities directly linked to alleged crimes or governance failures.<\/span><br data-start=\"3007\" data-end=\"3010\" \/><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">This would prevent unnecessary disruption to unrelated businesses and protect innocent stakeholders.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The widespread application of trusteeship across corporate groups\u2014sometimes encompassing entire business ecosystems\u2014has demonstrated the need for a more targeted and proportionate approach.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3312\" data-end=\"3361\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">Special Safeguards for Media Companies:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">When media outlets are placed under trusteeship, specific safeguards should protect editorial independence and freedom of expression.<\/span><br data-start=\"3495\" data-end=\"3498\" \/><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Judicial oversight could include requiring independent media ombudsmen or supervisory boards to preserve pluralism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3620\" data-end=\"3654\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">International Alignment:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turkey could look to comparative models in the UK, US, and Germany, where receivership and administration are time-bound and subject to rigorous judicial control.<\/span><br data-start=\"3817\" data-end=\"3820\" \/><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Aligning domestic practice with European human rights standards would enhance investor confidence and reduce the risk of adverse judgments before the ECtHR. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In light of the scale of assets and number of companies affected, alignment with international standards is not only a legal necessity but also a key factor in maintaining Turkey\u2019s attractiveness as an investment destination.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"18ypk4m\" data-start=\"4214\" data-end=\"4248\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">10.3. B\u0131\u00e7ak\u2019s Contribution<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4250\" data-end=\"4657\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak not only defends clients affected by trusteeship but also contributes to the policy debate through academic research, publications, and professional forums. By engaging with comparative and international law, the firm advocates for reforms that balance effective crime prevention with the protection of property rights, corporate autonomy, and market stability. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Our thought leadership ensures that clients benefit not only from immediate legal representation but also from forward-looking insights into the future direction of Turkish corporate governance reforms.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"16yoeo8\" data-start=\"4868\" data-end=\"4889\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\" role=\"text\">11. Conclusion<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4891\" data-end=\"5409\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The appointment of trustees for company management is one of the most powerful yet controversial tools in Turkish law. It is intended to prevent misuse of corporate structures, safeguard assets, and secure evidence in criminal investigations or resolve governance deadlocks in civil disputes. In practice, however, trustee appointments often extend across entire conglomerates, last for years, and profoundly affect shareholders, creditors, employees, and even the wider public. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The scale of trusteeship- affecting over a thousand companies and assets valued in the hundreds of billions of Turkish lira &#8211; demonstrates that this mechanism has become a defining feature of Turkey\u2019s corporate and regulatory landscape. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cases such as Koza \u0130pek, Kaynak, Boydak, and Can Holding illustrate both the necessity and the risks of trusteeship. On one hand, the measure protects the integrity of the legal system by stopping alleged criminal activity within companies. On the other, prolonged or broad interventions can undermine property rights, market confidence, and media pluralism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6012\" data-end=\"6420\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">International law, particularly the European Convention on Human Rights, demands that trusteeship be lawful, proportionate, and subject to regular review. Comparative models in the US, UK, and Germany show that similar measures are possible without sacrificing transparency, time limits, or stakeholder protections. These examples offer valuable lessons for aligning Turkish practice with global standards. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For businesses, creditors, and investors, the key to navigating trusteeship lies in preparation, compliance, and strategic legal guidance. Companies must strengthen their internal controls, creditors should secure contractual protections, and international partners must plan for recognition issues abroad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6732\" data-end=\"6917\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm stands at the intersection of these challenges. With deep expertise in corporate law, criminal law, human rights, and international litigation, the firm offers clients:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6919\" data-end=\"7155\">\n<li data-section-id=\"10deelx\" data-start=\"6919\" data-end=\"6979\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Preventive compliance audits and contractual safeguards,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"r5hi0c\" data-start=\"6980\" data-end=\"7027\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Strategic representation in Turkish courts,<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1hro4wb\" data-start=\"7028\" data-end=\"7098\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cross-border advisory in recognition and enforcement disputes, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1uxzu8l\" data-start=\"7099\" data-end=\"7155\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Thought leadership in policy and law reform debates.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"7157\" data-end=\"7431\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trusteeship will continue to play a prominent role in Turkey\u2019s legal and business environment. Companies and investors who act proactively &#8211; supported by experienced legal counsel &#8211; will be best placed to protect their interests and maintain stability in times of uncertainty. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm is ready to provide the strategic guidance and representation needed to navigate trusteeship proceedings in Turkey with confidence.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The appointment of trustees (kayy\u0131m tayini) has emerged as one of the most consequential legal mechanisms shaping corporate governance in Turkey. Positioned at the intersection of criminal law, corporate law, and state intervention, trusteeship reflects a fundamental tension: the need to prevent unlawful use of corporate structures versus the protection of property rights, investor confidence, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":30828,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,160],"tags":[17555,17600,9980,9981,17581,3800,17825,11370,11369,17577,17553,17616,17653,17820,17633,7669,17621,17620,17614,17613,17619,17544,17624,17618,7225,17538,17534,17814,17628,17626,17625,17634,17630,17629,17545,17627,17816,18838,17527,17567,17561,5032,17523,17580,10205,17548,17565,15000,7682,17528,17563,5056,17574,17537,17530,10145,17550,17524,17560,17549,7120,17526,17654,17551,17569,17531,15807,17591,6356,17592,17661,17821,5795,17586,17594,17557,17558,17587,17571,10179,17583,17562,17824,17576,17593,5794,10140,2174,17656,17655,4223,17658,16921,17631,17819,17622,17601,13783,5600,17552,1233,17589,1298,17568,17536,7873,17573,17529,17539,7667,17590,17602,17599,17660,17615,17644,17640,17641,17643,17642,17607,17606,17611,17605,17610,17543,17608,17609,17612,17598,17596,17595,17597,17603,17542,17604,17639,17636,17635,17638,17637,5356,6899,7478,17564,17533,7497,17578,17623,17582,17532,7659,17617,17659,1028,1124,18840,18839,18841,17559,17823,17554,17572,17570,17575,1346,1604,17822,17648,17817,17815,7677,7650,17632,7379,17657,17818,5357,17579,17662,17646,17650,17651,17649,17647,17525,17645,17652,17584,17522,17540,17547,17546,17521,17556,17826,17663,10150,14997,7687,17566,17535,17585,17541,17588,4196],"class_list":["post-29339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en","category-insights","tag-administration-turkey","tag-akin-ipek","tag-aml-compliance-turkey","tag-anti-money-laundering-turkey","tag-antitrust-turkey","tag-arbitration-turkey","tag-asset-peace-law","tag-asset-protection-turkey","tag-asset-recovery-turkey","tag-banking-law-turkey","tag-bankruptcy-turkey","tag-bellona","tag-best-criminal-defense-in-turkey","tag-bloomberg-ht","tag-bloomberg-ht-turkey","tag-board-of-directors-turkey","tag-boydak-brothers","tag-boydak-family","tag-boydak-group","tag-boydak-holding","tag-boydak-holding-companies","tag-boydak-holding-trusteeship","tag-boydak-seizure-turkey","tag-boydak-trusteeship","tag-business-law-turkey","tag-business-lawyers-turkey","tag-business-registration-turkey","tag-businessman-turgay-ciner","tag-can-family","tag-can-group","tag-can-holding","tag-can-holding-investigation","tag-can-holding-media","tag-can-holding-seizure","tag-can-holding-trusteeship","tag-can-holding-turkey","tag-ciner-group","tag-ciner-group-trusteeship","tag-civil-law-trusteeship-turkey","tag-commercial-disputes-turkey","tag-company-directors-turkey","tag-company-formation-turkey","tag-company-management-turkey","tag-competition-law-turkey","tag-compliance-audits-turkey","tag-compliance-law-turkey","tag-contract-enforcement-turkey","tag-contract-law-turkey","tag-corporate-compliance-turkey","tag-corporate-disputes-turkey","tag-corporate-governance-disputes-turkey","tag-corporate-governance-turkey","tag-corporate-investigations-turkey","tag-corporate-lawyers-turkey","tag-corporate-litigation-turkey","tag-corporate-restructuring-turkey","tag-corporate-risk-management-turkey","tag-court-appointed-trustee-turkey","tag-creditor-protection-turkey","tag-criminal-defence-turkey","tag-criminal-investigation-lawyer-turkey","tag-criminal-law-trusteeship-turkey","tag-criminal-lawyer-in-turkey","tag-crisis-management-turkey","tag-cross-border-disputes-turkey","tag-cross-border-transactions-turkey","tag-customs-law-turkey","tag-cyber-law-turkey","tag-data-protection-turkey","tag-digital-law-turkey","tag-doga-koleji","tag-doga-koleji-school-chain","tag-doing-business-in-turkey","tag-double-taxation-turkey","tag-e-commerce-law-turkey","tag-echr-property-rights-turkey","tag-ecthr-turkey-corporate-cases","tag-employment-law-turkey","tag-enforcement-of-judgments-turkey","tag-export-control-turkey","tag-fdi-turkey","tag-fiduciary-duties-turkey","tag-financial-crimes-investigation-board","tag-financial-regulation-turkey","tag-fintech-regulation-turkey","tag-foreign-companies-in-turkey","tag-foreign-direct-investment-turkey","tag-foreign-investors-turkey","tag-forming-a-criminal-organization","tag-fraud-investigation-lawyer-turkey","tag-fraud-investigation-turkey","tag-fraud-lawyer-turkey","tag-gdpr-turkey","tag-haberturk","tag-haberturk-tv","tag-haci-boydak","tag-hamdi-akin-ipek","tag-human-rights-law-turkey","tag-immigration-law-turkey","tag-insolvency-law-turkey","tag-insurance-law-turkey","tag-intellectual-property-law-turkey","tag-international-arbitration-turkey","tag-international-disputes-turkey","tag-international-law-firm-turkey","tag-international-trade-law-turkey","tag-investment-disputes-turkey","tag-investment-law-turkey","tag-investment-lawyers-turkey","tag-investor-protection-turkey","tag-ip-law-turkey","tag-ipek-family","tag-ipek-media","tag-istanbul-bilgi-university","tag-istikbal-furni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