{"id":27089,"date":"2024-03-29T17:57:29","date_gmt":"2024-03-29T14:57:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=27089"},"modified":"2026-08-27T18:08:19","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T15:08:19","slug":"updates-on-artificial-intelligence-law-in-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/updates-on-artificial-intelligence-law-in-turkiye\/","title":{"rendered":"Artificial Intelligence Law and Regulation in T\u00fcrkiye"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-section-id=\"m2zdsg\" data-start=\"873\" data-end=\"931\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">1. AI Law in T\u00fcrkiye: Where Does the Law Stand in 2026?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"1194\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrkiye does not currently have a single comprehensive horizontal statute regulating artificial intelligence in the manner of the <a href=\"https:\/\/artificialintelligenceact.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Union&#8217;s AI Act<\/a>. This does not mean, however, that the development, procurement or use of AI systems falls outside the law. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Depending on the technology, data involved, sector, contractual relationships and consequences of its use, AI may already be subject to binding Turkish legislation concerning personal data, contracts and civil liability, consumer protection, intellectual property, employment, competition, criminal law and regulated industries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"2023\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">At the same time, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s AI governance framework has entered a new phase. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alomaliye.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/ai-eylem-2026-2030.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1666\">T\u00fcrkiye Artificial Intelligence Action Plan (2026\u20132030)<\/strong><\/a> establishes a policy direction towards trustworthy AI, stronger data governance, security, standards and risk-sensitive regulation. Official government materials describe the Plan as structured around four axes &#8211; <strong data-start=\"1878\" data-end=\"1920\">Recognise, Benefit, Produce and Govern<\/strong> (<em data-start=\"1922\" data-end=\"1959\">Fark Et, \u0130stifade Et, \u00dcret ve Y\u00f6net<\/em>) &#8211; supported by 16 actions.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The legal landscape should therefore be understood through distinct layers: <strong data-start=\"2101\" data-end=\"2224\">existing binding law, AI-specific policy and emerging regulation, regulatory guidance, and prudent corporate governance<\/strong>. Keeping these categories separate is essential when determining what organisations must do today and what they should prepare for next.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"yazmyx\" data-start=\"2363\" data-end=\"2428\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2. From the 2021\u20132025 Strategy to the 2026\u20132030 AI Action Plan<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2430\" data-end=\"2660\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s present approach builds on the <a href=\"https:\/\/cbddo.gov.tr\/SharedFolderServer\/Genel\/File\/TRNationalAIStrategy2021-2025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong data-start=\"2471\" data-end=\"2526\">National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021\u20132025<\/strong><\/a>, which established the earlier national framework for developing AI capabilities, skills, institutional capacity and responsible use.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The policy framework has now moved into a new phase. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alomaliye.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/ai-eylem-2026-2030.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong data-start=\"2719\" data-end=\"2778\">T\u00fcrkiye Artificial Intelligence Action Plan (2026\u20132030)<\/strong><\/a> was announced in June 2026 and subsequently addressed through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2026\/08\/20260818-8.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong data-start=\"2841\" data-end=\"2877\">Presidential Circular No. 2026\/9<\/strong><\/a>, dated 17 August 2026 and published in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2026\/08\/20260818-8.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official Gazette on 18 August 2026<\/a>. The Ministry of Industry and Technology now lists the 2026\u20132030 Plan among T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s current strategy documents.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1goe5b1\" data-start=\"3147\" data-end=\"3219\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.1. The Legal Status of the 2026\/9 Presidential Circular and Action Plan<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3221\" data-end=\"3371\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A critical distinction must be maintained: <strong data-start=\"3264\" data-end=\"3370\">the Presidential Circular, the Action Plan and binding AI legislation are not interchangeable concepts<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Action Plan establishes policy priorities and indicates the direction in which T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s AI governance framework is expected to develop. It should not be described as if T\u00fcrkiye had thereby enacted an EU AI Act-style horizontal statute imposing all contemplated requirements directly on private organisations. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For businesses, existing legislation determines present binding obligations, while the Action Plan provides an important roadmap for the regulatory environment towards which T\u00fcrkiye is moving.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1culnvj\" data-start=\"3882\" data-end=\"3957\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.2. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s 2026\u20132030 AI Action Plan: The Emerging Regulatory Direction<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3959\" data-end=\"4237\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Action Plan approaches artificial intelligence as an economic, technological and governance issue. From a legal perspective, its importance lies principally in the direction of future regulation rather than the creation of immediately applicable horizontal statutory duties.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"15d4u9u\" data-start=\"4239\" data-end=\"4275\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.3. Risk-Proportionate AI Governance<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4277\" data-end=\"4491\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A central feature is movement towards a <strong data-start=\"4317\" data-end=\"4363\">risk-sensitive legal and ethical framework<\/strong>, under which regulatory expectations may differ according to the risks associated with particular AI systems, uses and impacts.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For businesses, this suggests that future requirements may increasingly depend on what a system does, the context in which it is deployed, the interests it can affect and the seriousness of potential harm. This should not yet be characterised as a completed Turkish equivalent of the EU AI Act.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1ypbi8p\" data-start=\"4789\" data-end=\"4843\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.4. Trustworthy AI, Standards and Regulatory Sandboxes<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4845\" data-end=\"5072\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Plan connects AI governance with trust, safety, data governance, standards and sector-specific implementation. It also envisages regulatory experimentation, including sandbox mechanisms, as part of the developing ecosystem. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">This indicates that T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s future AI framework may develop through a combination of legislation, sectoral rules, standards, guidance and supervisory practices rather than exclusively through a single AI statute.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"y4i1fb\" data-start=\"5290\" data-end=\"5323\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2.5. Algorithmic Impact Assessment<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"5325\" data-end=\"5584\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Action Plan also incorporates <strong data-start=\"5359\" data-end=\"5392\">algorithmic impact assessment<\/strong> into T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s emerging AI-governance vocabulary. Such assessments can provide a structured method for identifying and documenting potential effects on individuals, organisations and society. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Its inclusion is significant, but it does <strong data-start=\"5628\" data-end=\"5776\">not by itself establish a general statutory obligation requiring every organisation in T\u00fcrkiye to conduct an algorithmic impact assessment today<\/strong>. It instead signals movement towards more risk-based, documented and accountable governance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1q74ip6\" data-start=\"5871\" data-end=\"5936\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3. Existing Turkish Laws Applicable to Artificial Intelligence<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5938\" data-end=\"6036\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The absence of a horizontal AI statute does not remove AI from T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s existing legal framework.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1pphc1m\" data-start=\"6038\" data-end=\"6071\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.1. Contracts, Tort and Liability<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6073\" data-end=\"6476\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Agreements for developing, licensing, procuring or deploying AI may address performance, confidentiality, intellectual property, data use, warranties and allocation of risk. Where AI-related activity causes legally recognised damage, liability must be assessed under the applicable rules and facts rather than on the assumption that the technology itself is an autonomous bearer of legal responsibility.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"290b7u\" data-start=\"6478\" data-end=\"6516\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.2. Consumer and Product-Related Risks<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6518\" data-end=\"6703\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">AI-enabled products and consumer-facing services may engage rules concerning consumer transactions, misleading practices, safety, conformity and applicable sector-specific requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"14n7e8l\" data-start=\"6705\" data-end=\"6738\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.3. Criminal Law and Unlawful Use<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6740\" data-end=\"6977\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Existing criminal offences may apply where AI facilitates fraud, impersonation, unlawful interference with information systems or other prohibited conduct. Use of AI as an instrument does not itself create a separate criminal-law regime.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"di7otd\" data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"7030\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">3.4. Employment, Competition and Sectoral Regulation<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"7032\" data-end=\"7283\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">AI-assisted recruitment, workplace decisions, pricing, customer profiling, healthcare, insurance, financial services and other regulated activities may simultaneously engage employment, competition, data protection, consumer and sector-specific rules. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The practical question is therefore not simply whether T\u00fcrkiye has an \u201cAI Act,\u201d but <strong data-start=\"7369\" data-end=\"7435\">which binding laws already apply to the particular AI use case<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1ceiu4m\" data-start=\"7438\" data-end=\"7490\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4. AI, Generative AI and Personal Data Protection<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"7492\" data-end=\"7814\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Personal data protection is one area in which binding Turkish law already directly affects AI. Where an AI system processes personal data, <strong data-start=\"7631\" data-end=\"7679\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6698&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Personal Data Protection Law No. 6698<\/a> (KVKK)<\/strong> and applicable secondary legislation may apply regardless of whether the technology is labelled AI, machine learning or generative AI. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Personal Data Protection Authority has supplemented this binding framework with AI-specific guidance. Its 2021 AI recommendations remain relevant, while the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kvkk.gov.tr\/SharedFolderServer\/CMSFiles\/MTY5MjNmNmIwZWY3YTE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong data-start=\"7977\" data-end=\"8078\">Guide on Generative Artificial Intelligence and the Protection of Personal Data (in 15 Questions)<\/strong><\/a>, published on 24 November 2025, specifically considers personal-data processing throughout the lifecycle of generative AI systems.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">These materials are important regulatory guidance but should not be presented as if every recommendation were an independently enacted statutory obligation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1e8kvc3\" data-start=\"8407\" data-end=\"8453\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4.1. Training Data, Prompts, Inputs and Outputs<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"8455\" data-end=\"8770\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Personal-data exposure may arise at several points. Training datasets can contain information relating to identifiable individuals; users may enter personal information into prompts; uploaded documents may contain employee, customer or client data; and generated outputs may reproduce or infer personal information. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Organisations should therefore understand both <strong data-start=\"8819\" data-end=\"8913\">what information users submit to AI systems and what providers may subsequently do with it<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1k4wh32\" data-start=\"8916\" data-end=\"8973\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4.2. Data Minimisation, Transparency and Lawful Processing<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"8975\" data-end=\"9266\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">AI does not displace the general requirements governing personal-data processing. Organisations should determine the legal basis and purpose of processing, assess whether the data used are necessary and proportionate, address transparency and retention, and implement appropriate safeguards.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"s0i6eu\" data-start=\"9268\" data-end=\"9313\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">4.3. Sensitive Data and Cross-Border Transfers<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"9315\" data-end=\"9707\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Additional scrutiny is necessary where AI processes special categories of personal data. Third-party generative AI and cloud services may also create international-transfer issues. Organisations should understand where data are processed, whether providers retain or reuse them, which subprocessors are involved and whether the applicable Turkish rules governing transfers abroad are engaged. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">AI governance and data governance are therefore increasingly inseparable.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1hajeh3\" data-start=\"9784\" data-end=\"9840\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">5. Intellectual Property, Copyright and Trade Secrets<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"9842\" data-end=\"9970\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Generative AI also interacts with copyrighted works, software, proprietary datasets, confidential information and trade secrets. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Training or developing AI using protected material can raise questions concerning the rights necessary for reproduction or other uses. The analysis may depend on the material, source, acts undertaken, applicable licences and relevant limitations or exceptions. Content being publicly accessible does not necessarily mean that it is free for unrestricted AI training or commercial reuse. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">AI-generated outputs create different questions, including whether protection exists, the significance of human contribution and whether outputs reproduce protected third-party material. Businesses should therefore avoid assuming that AI-generated text, images, code or other commercially significant outputs necessarily come with clear and unrestricted rights. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">An immediate corporate risk also arises when employees place <strong data-start=\"10784\" data-end=\"10912\">source code, client material, internal legal documents, pricing information, unpublished inventions or commercial strategies<\/strong> into external AI systems. Companies should establish rules identifying approved AI tools, permitted information and prohibited inputs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1y427z\" data-start=\"11049\" data-end=\"11109\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6. AI Contracts, Cloud Services and Third-Party Providers<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"11111\" data-end=\"11234\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For many organisations, AI risk arises not from developing models but from procuring or integrating third-party AI systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1skbd4k\" data-start=\"11236\" data-end=\"11260\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.1. Vendor Due Diligence<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"11262\" data-end=\"11501\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Organisations should understand what a service does, what data it receives, where information is processed and stored, whether inputs are retained or used for training, which subprocessors are involved and what security arrangements apply. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Due diligence should be proportionate: an internal productivity tool does not necessarily require the same assessment as an AI system processing sensitive information or supporting consequential decisions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"90gu6\" data-start=\"11710\" data-end=\"11747\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.2. Contractual Allocation of AI Risk<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"11749\" data-end=\"12007\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Depending on the service, contracts may need to address <strong data-start=\"11805\" data-end=\"12006\">permitted data use, confidentiality, model training, IP, security, incident notification, audit or information rights, subcontracting, warranties, liability, termination and data deletion or return<\/strong>. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Outsourcing an AI function does not automatically outsource the customer&#8217;s own legal responsibilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1w5xrn7\" data-start=\"12113\" data-end=\"12144\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">6.3. Cloud and Cross-Border Data<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"12146\" data-end=\"12420\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cloud AI may create international issues even where users are located in T\u00fcrkiye. Personal-data transfers must be assessed under applicable KVKK requirements, while confidentiality, trade secrets, cybersecurity and sectoral restrictions may create additional considerations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"19qynkm\" data-start=\"12422\" data-end=\"12478\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">7. Liability, Automated Decisions and Human Oversight<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"12480\" data-end=\"12616\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">When an AI-supported process causes harm or an unlawful result, stating that \u201cthe AI made the decision\u201d does not resolve responsibility. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">An AI value chain may involve developers, providers, cloud services, integrating companies and professional or employee users. Responsibility depends on applicable law, contractual relationships, the function of the system and the degree of control exercised by the relevant actors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"12947\" data-end=\"13255\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Human oversight should therefore be substantive rather than ceremonial. For higher-impact uses, organisations should determine <strong data-start=\"13074\" data-end=\"13254\">who reviews AI recommendations, what information the reviewer receives, whether an output can genuinely be challenged or overridden and how significant decisions are documented<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The appropriate level of oversight depends on the system and consequences of error; there is not presently a single statutory human-oversight rule applying identically to every AI system used in T\u00fcrkiye.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"12l6uo6\" data-start=\"13462\" data-end=\"13509\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">8. AI Governance as a Board-Level Legal Risk<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"13511\" data-end=\"13752\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">As AI becomes embedded in core operations, governance should not be treated exclusively as an IT issue. AI can simultaneously affect personal data, confidential information, IP, employment, customers, cybersecurity and regulatory compliance. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A governance framework may therefore include an <strong data-start=\"13802\" data-end=\"13984\">AI inventory, assigned accountability, risk classification, approval procedures, vendor and data assessments, human oversight, documentation, monitoring and escalation mechanisms<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Three categories should remain distinct. Some measures derive from <strong data-start=\"14054\" data-end=\"14078\">existing binding law<\/strong>. Others reflect the <strong data-start=\"14099\" data-end=\"14143\">emerging policy and regulatory direction<\/strong>. Others constitute <strong data-start=\"14163\" data-end=\"14195\">prudent corporate governance<\/strong> even where no AI-specific statute currently mandates a particular procedure. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">For boards and senior management, the central questions become: <strong data-start=\"14338\" data-end=\"14494\">Where is AI being used? What consequences can it produce? Who is accountable? And can the organisation demonstrate how material risks are being managed?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1tt6h3p\" data-start=\"14496\" data-end=\"14557\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9. The EU AI Act and Why It Matters for Turkish Companies<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"14559\" data-end=\"14689\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The EU Artificial Intelligence Act, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj\/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong data-start=\"14595\" data-end=\"14624\">Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689<\/strong>,<\/a> is relevant to Turkish businesses in two legally distinct ways.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">First, the Regulation itself can apply to certain operators established outside the EU. Depending on the circumstances, this can include providers placing AI systems on the EU market or putting them into service in the Union and providers or deployers outside the EU where an AI system&#8217;s output is used in the Union. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A Turkish company may therefore require an EU AI Act assessment where, for example, it supplies an AI system into the EU market, participates in an EU-facing AI product or service chain or otherwise falls within the Regulation&#8217;s territorial scope. Mere use of AI by a company in T\u00fcrkiye does not by itself establish EU AI Act applicability.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"19axgj4\" data-start=\"15351\" data-end=\"15389\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9.1. The EU AI Act Application Timeline<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"15391\" data-end=\"15903\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The AI Act is now law. Article 113 provides a <strong data-start=\"15437\" data-end=\"15482\">general application date of 2 August 2026<\/strong>, while particular provisions have different dates: Chapters I and II applied from 2 February 2025, specified governance and general-purpose AI provisions from 2 August 2025, and Article 6(1) and corresponding obligations from 2 August 2027. Businesses should therefore check the provision and AI category concerned rather than treating the Act as having one uniform compliance date.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"51kxi\" data-start=\"15905\" data-end=\"15953\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9.2. EU Influence on T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s Emerging Framework<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"15955\" data-end=\"16168\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Separately, the European risk-based regulatory model is relevant to the direction of T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s emerging framework. This regulatory influence does <strong data-start=\"16101\" data-end=\"16108\">not<\/strong> mean that EU requirements automatically become Turkish law. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Companies operating across T\u00fcrkiye and the EU may consequently require <strong data-start=\"16241\" data-end=\"16278\">parallel but distinct assessments<\/strong>: one under Turkish law and T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s developing framework, and another under the EU AI Act where its scope requirements are met.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"xbv3vn\" data-start=\"16409\" data-end=\"16476\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">10. Regulatory Sandboxes, Standards and Sector-Specific AI Rules<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"16478\" data-end=\"16652\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s AI framework may increasingly develop through regulatory experimentation, standards, guidance and sector-specific implementation alongside generally applicable law. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The risks presented by an internal productivity tool differ materially from AI deployed in healthcare, finance, insurance, employment, telecommunications or other high-impact or regulated environments. Existing licensing, professional, safety, cybersecurity, data-protection and supervisory requirements may therefore apply independently of future AI-specific measures. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Regulatory sandboxes can also provide controlled environments for testing innovative applications while legal and technical risks are assessed. Their existence should not be interpreted as a general exemption from otherwise applicable law; their legal effect depends on the particular framework and competent authority. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The key question is therefore not only <strong data-start=\"17385\" data-end=\"17402\">\u201cIs this AI?\u201d<\/strong> but <strong data-start=\"17407\" data-end=\"17480\">\u201cIn which activity and regulatory environment is this AI being used?\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"vcgmxx\" data-start=\"17482\" data-end=\"17538\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11. What Should Companies Using AI in T\u00fcrkiye Do Now?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"17540\" data-end=\"17653\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Companies do not need to wait for future AI legislation before establishing a proportionate compliance framework.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1a8ixj6\" data-start=\"17655\" data-end=\"17683\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11.1. Build an AI Inventory<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"17685\" data-end=\"17833\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Identify which AI systems are used, for what purposes, by whom and with what data\u2014including employee use of publicly accessible generative AI tools. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The KVKK has specifically highlighted workplace use of third-party generative AI where adoption may occur without a defined organisational strategy or policy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1kxme72\" data-start=\"18033\" data-end=\"18074\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11.2. Classify Use Cases and Legal Risks<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"18076\" data-end=\"18294\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Assess the data processed, persons affected, degree of automation and potential consequences, with particular attention to employment, customers, sensitive information, regulated activities and consequential decisions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1rblhjv\" data-start=\"18296\" data-end=\"18343\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11.3. Map Data and Conduct Privacy Assessments<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"18345\" data-end=\"18490\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Understand what information enters the system, where it goes, who receives it, how long it is retained and whether international transfers occur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"s3u4r7\" data-start=\"18492\" data-end=\"18530\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11.4. Review AI Vendors and Contracts<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"18532\" data-end=\"18672\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Assess provider data practices, training rights, security, subprocessors, IP, incident notification, liability and termination arrangements.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"ewj6np\" data-start=\"18674\" data-end=\"18735\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11.5. Protect IP, Confidential Information and Trade Secrets<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"18737\" data-end=\"18852\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Define approved tools and establish clear restrictions on uploading sensitive corporate or third-party information.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1nrcqs9\" data-start=\"18854\" data-end=\"18905\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11.6. Establish Human Oversight and Accountability<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"18907\" data-end=\"19036\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Identify who approves material deployments, reviews significant recommendations and has authority to override or suspend systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"3fm1cj\" data-start=\"19038\" data-end=\"19075\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11.7. Document, Monitor and Escalate<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"19077\" data-end=\"19221\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Maintain proportionate records of significant systems, assessments and approvals and establish procedures for problematic outcomes or incidents.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"b99jy9\" data-start=\"19223\" data-end=\"19245\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">11.8. Train Employees<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"19247\" data-end=\"19421\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Employees should understand approved tools, privacy and confidentiality restrictions, verification of AI outputs, IP concerns and when human review or escalation is required.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"bg2dzp\" data-start=\"19423\" data-end=\"19486\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">12. Preparing for T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s Emerging Risk-Based AI Framework<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"19488\" data-end=\"19585\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Future readiness does not require companies to predict legislation that has not yet been enacted. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A more durable strategy is to build capabilities that are useful under existing law and adaptable to future regulation: <strong data-start=\"19707\" data-end=\"19846\">AI identification and classification, impact assessment, documentation, human oversight, vendor governance, monitoring and auditability<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The objective is not premature compliance with hypothetical requirements, but <strong data-start=\"19927\" data-end=\"19954\">regulatory adaptability<\/strong>. Organisations that understand where AI is deployed, what data and third parties are involved, who is accountable and how significant risks are managed will be better positioned as T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s framework develops.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1sqhadi\" data-start=\"20167\" data-end=\"20230\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">13. How B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm Supports AI Governance and Compliance<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"20232\" data-end=\"20389\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm advises businesses on the interconnected legal issues arising from the development, procurement and use of artificial intelligence in T\u00fcrkiye. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Depending on the organisation and use case, our work may include <strong data-start=\"20456\" data-end=\"20769\">AI legal risk assessments and governance frameworks, internal AI policies, KVKK and privacy assessments, AI vendor and technology contracts, cross-border data issues, intellectual property and trade-secret protection, employee-use policies, human-oversight arrangements and sector-specific regulatory analysis<\/strong>. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">We also advise international businesses on the interaction between Turkish requirements and cross-border frameworks, including circumstances in which the EU AI Act may require a separate assessment for T\u00fcrkiye-based companies with EU-facing activities.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"1bdbuxh\" data-start=\"21026\" data-end=\"21059\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">14. Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"zqekbv\" data-start=\"21061\" data-end=\"21093\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">14.1. Does T\u00fcrkiye have an AI Act?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"21095\" data-end=\"21396\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">As of August 2026, T\u00fcrkiye has not enacted a single comprehensive horizontal AI statute equivalent to the EU AI Act. AI is nevertheless already governed by existing Turkish laws depending on the use case, while the 2026\u20132030 Action Plan indicates the direction of an emerging risk-sensitive framework.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"2w59oc\" data-start=\"21398\" data-end=\"21450\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">14.2. Is the 2026\u20132030 AI Action Plan legally binding?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"21452\" data-end=\"21907\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The <strong data-start=\"21456\" data-end=\"21587\">2026\/9 Presidential Circular, the Action Plan and legislation imposing specific obligations on businesses must be distinguished<\/strong>. The Circular places the Action Plan within the governmental policy framework, while the Plan establishes priorities and regulatory direction. Its contemplated future mechanisms should not automatically be treated as statutory duties applicable to every private organisation today.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1reg5sj\" data-start=\"21909\" data-end=\"21950\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">14.3. Does the KVKK apply to generative AI?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"21952\" data-end=\"22296\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yes, where generative AI involves processing personal data, Law No. 6698 may apply. This can concern training materials, prompts, uploaded documents and, depending on the circumstances, outputs. The KVKK has also published specific regulatory guidance addressing generative AI and personal-data protection.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"1ry1ot3\" data-start=\"22298\" data-end=\"22348\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">14.4. Does the EU AI Act apply to Turkish companies?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"22350\" data-end=\"22652\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Potentially. Establishment in T\u00fcrkiye neither automatically brings a company within the Regulation nor automatically excludes it. Turkish companies with relevant EU-facing AI systems, products, services or outputs should assess the AI Act&#8217;s territorial scope and their role in the relevant value chain.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-section-id=\"v71qjy\" data-start=\"22654\" data-end=\"22714\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">14.5. What should a company in T\u00fcrkiye do before deploying AI?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"22716\" data-end=\"23037\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A proportionate assessment should identify the system&#8217;s purpose, data, providers, affected persons and consequences. Depending on the risk, this may involve privacy review, vendor due diligence, contractual safeguards, IP and trade-secret controls, security measures, human oversight, internal approval and documentation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"powba6\" data-start=\"23039\" data-end=\"23098\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">15. Conclusion: From AI Adoption to Responsible AI Governance<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"23100\" data-end=\"23420\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s AI landscape has moved beyond the question of whether artificial intelligence is legally relevant. <strong data-start=\"23209\" data-end=\"23288\">Existing Turkish law already governs many aspects of AI development and use<\/strong>, while the 2026\u20132030 Action Plan signals movement towards a more structured, trustworthy and risk-sensitive governance environment. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The appropriate corporate response is neither to wait for future legislation nor to treat every policy objective as an existing legal obligation. Organisations should instead combine compliance with binding law, proportionate AI risk assessment, effective data and vendor governance, protection of intellectual property and confidential information, meaningful human oversight and documented accountability. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">As AI becomes more deeply embedded in business operations, responsible AI governance will increasingly form part of the legal infrastructure that enables organisations to innovate while managing regulatory, commercial and operational risk.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. AI Law in T\u00fcrkiye: Where Does the Law Stand in 2026? T\u00fcrkiye does not currently have a single comprehensive horizontal statute regulating artificial intelligence in the manner of the European Union&#8217;s AI Act. This does not mean, however, that the development, procurement or use of AI systems falls outside the law. Depending on the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":33038,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,160],"tags":[9566,9558,34184,34176,34187,34177,34189,34174,34181,9628,34193,34188,34175,34192,34190,9569,9546,34173,4648,9547,9571,9568,9565,9556,9562,9573,9584,9629,9626,9560,9555,9552,9586,34186,34185,9627,9553,9582,9570,34182,34183,9567,9576,9564,9561,9563,9575,9550,9557,9549,9559,9581,9572,34191,9551,9574,9554,9580,9583,9578,9577,9548,34179,34180,34178,9631,9630,9585,9579],"class_list":["post-27089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en","category-insights","tag-advocate-artificial-intelligence-turkiye","tag-agriculture-artificial-intelligence-law","tag-ai-and-personal-data-protection-turkiye","tag-ai-compliance-in-turkiye","tag-ai-contracts-turkiye","tag-ai-governance-in-turkiye","tag-ai-intellectual-property-turkiye","tag-ai-law-in-turkiye","tag-ai-legal-framework-turkiye","tag-ai-legal-issues","tag-ai-legal-services-turkiye","tag-ai-liability-turkiye","tag-ai-regulation-in-turkiye","tag-ai-risk-assessment-turkiye","tag-ai-trade-secrets-turkiye","tag-artificial-intelligence-act-european-union","tag-artificial-intelligence-law","tag-artificial-intelligence-law-in-turkiye","tag-artificial-intelligence-lawyer-turkey","tag-artificial-intelligence-legal-definition","tag-artificial-intelligence-liability-turkiye","tag-artificial-intelligence-strategy-turkiye","tag-attorney-artificial-intelligence-turkiye","tag-autonomous-vehicles-law-turkiye","tag-best-practiceguidance-on-artificial-intelligence","tag-charles-kerrigan","tag-chatbots-law-lawyer-turkiye","tag-concerns-about-ai","tag-current-ai-regulation","tag-cybersecurity-law-turkiye","tag-defence-artificial-intelligence-law","tag-drone-law-turkiye","tag-drones-law-lawyer-turkiye","tag-eu-ai-act-turkish-companies","tag-eu-ai-act-turkiye","tag-eu-ai-law","tag-healthcare-artificial-intelligence-law","tag-healthcare-devices-law-turkiye","tag-international-law-artificial-intelligence","tag-kvkk-artificial-intelligence","tag-kvkk-generative-ai","tag-law-firm-artificial-intelligence-turkiye","tag-law-regulating-technology-turkiye","tag-lawyer-artificial-intelligence-turkiye","tag-legal-assistance-artificial-intelligence-law","tag-legal-liability-of-artificial-intelligence-turkiye","tag-luciano-floridi","tag-machine-learning-law-turkiye","tag-manufacturing-artificial-intelligence-law","tag-natural-language-processing-law-turkiye","tag-personal-data-protection-turkiye","tag-personalized-recommendations-law-turkiye","tag-regulation-of-ai-turkiye","tag-responsible-ai-turkiye","tag-robotics-law-turkiye","tag-rosario-girasa","tag-security-artificial-intelligence-law","tag-smart-cameras-law-turkiye","tag-smart-home-appliances-law-turkiye","tag-smart-speakers-law-turkiye","tag-smartphones-law-lawyer-turkiye","tag-speech-recognition-law-turkiye","tag-turkey-ai-action-plan","tag-turkish-ai-regulation","tag-turkiye-artificial-intelligence-action-plan-2026-2030","tag-u-k-ai-law","tag-u-s-ai-law","tag-virtual-assistants-law-turkiye","tag-wearable-devices-law-turkiye"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Artificial Intelligence Law and Regulation in T\u00fcrkiye | Bicak Legal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Insights into T\u00fcrkiye Legal Framework for Artificial Intelligence Recent Developments law firm lawyer attorney advocate solicitor Updates AI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/updates-on-artificial-intelligence-law-in-turkiye\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Artificial Intelligence Law and Regulation in T\u00fcrkiye %\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. 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