{"id":23277,"date":"2021-05-10T14:42:21","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T11:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=23277"},"modified":"2021-05-10T14:49:13","modified_gmt":"2021-05-10T11:49:13","slug":"illicit-traffic-of-cultural-property-in-turkish-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/illicit-traffic-of-cultural-property-in-turkish-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property in Turkish Law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turkey, undisputedly possesses a rich cultural heritage, has conceded that illicit excavations by both foreigners and locals have been one of the country\u2019s most important issues for over a century.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Cultural property of Turkey represents the human history and achievements of societies. In its physical form, it includes, among other things, antiquities, art, artifacts, and architecture. Because of its physical nature, it may be under constant threat of theft or damage\u2014even destruction. Art and antiquities may be forged resulting in fakes being sold to unsuspecting victims<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Antiquities<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turkish law has a broad definition of &#8220;antiquities&#8221; and makes it a crime to remove any from the country. Offenders are prosecuted. All historic sites, and everything in them, on the grounds, or in the water, are the property of the Turkish Government. If one buy antiquities, should use only authorized dealers and obtain museum certificate for each item they are authorized to sell. At departure, tourists may be asked to present a receipt and the certificate. Failure to have them can result in arrest and jail.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Main categories of heritage:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">cultural heritage:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">tangible cultural heritage:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">immovable cultural heritage (monuments, archaeological sites, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">movable cultural heritage (paintings, coins, archaeological objects, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">underwater cultural heritage (shipwrecks, underwater cities, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">intangible cultural heritage (oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">natural heritage (natural sites, physical, biological or geological formations, etc.).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Conventions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turkey ratified the <a href=\"http:\/\/portal.unesco.org\/en\/ev.php-URL_ID=13039&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property<\/a> (\u201c1970 Convention\u201d) on April 21, 1981, and <a href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/statesparties\/tr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage<\/a> (\u201cWorld Heritage Convention\u201d) on March 16, 1983.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Monitoring and patroling archeological sites<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Gendarmerie and police frequently monitor and patrol known archeological sites and other areas where cultural property is known to exist. Turkey\u2019s policing units inspect borders,\u00a0docks, airports, and customs stations, and set up routine\u00a0check points\u00a0on major roads. \u00a0They often rely on the general public to notify them of illegal excavations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">If theft from a museum, conservation site, or collector, or an illicit sale of protected cultural property has taken place, the General Directorate of Museums is responsible for immediately\u00a0notifying\u00a0KOM and its provincial agencies, the Ministry of Interior\u2019s Interpol-Europol Department, the Ministry of Customs and Trade, the Gendarmerie General Command, the Turkish Coast Guard, Museum Directorates, and other collectors and museums of the theft or sale, and providing them with as much information as possible. \u00a0The General Directorate of Museums must ensure that the theft is thoroughly investigated by these institutions. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Once notified, the Police and Gendarmerie all over the country are tasked with searching for the item, seizing it when found, and\u00a0handing\u00a0it over to the relevant state museum or research facility for identification and safe-keeping. Those involved are detained, and may be subject to criminal prosecution pursuant to Articles 67 and 68 of Act on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Property numbered 2863.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">International cooperation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The General Directorate of Museums and the General Directorate of Customs Enforcement also coordinate with foreign law enforcement and international organizations, including Interpol and the World Customs Organization (\u201cWCO\u201d). Once the Interpol-Europol branch of the Turkish National Police has been informed of the theft or illegal sale, the cultural property in question is\u00a0put on\u00a0the Interpol\u2019s Stolen Arts Database.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">If discovered in another country, Turkey makes a\u00a0formal request\u00a0for the artifact\u2019s return, often, but not always, pursuant to the 1970 UNESCO Convention. \u00a0At this point, unless it wants to make a legal claim, Turkey, like many other source countries, has to rely substantially on the willingness of host countries, and individuals and institutions within them, to negotiate the restitution of its cultural property.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Private collectors<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Turkey also benefits from the good will of private collectors, who have agreed to donate the objects to Turkish museums.\u00a0However, in some cases Turkey has to resort to the courts to regain its cultural property,\u00a0retaining\u00a0the services of prominent international attorneys and law firms to help them do so. Despite Turkish authorities\u2019 efforts to halt illegal excavations and smuggling, Turkish cultural objects that should not have been exported still find their way to auction houses in different parts of the World.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The hard task of tracking movable and easily concealed property falls to a group of individuals whose manpower and resources are\u00a0simply not sufficient\u00a0to police the large array of ancient artifacts and sites within its borders. \u00a0This, coupled with the number of locals who view cultural property as a good\u00a0source of income, and the large flow of expats and tourists in and out of the country, demonstrates the significant obstacles that Turkey faces in preventing the illicit export of its cultural treasures, and tracking the artifacts and smugglers once they have been stolen. Turkey itself admits that while border and coast patrols are performed, it\u00a0lacks the infrastructure and resources\u00a0to monitor the entirety of its vast coastline.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Offenses<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Persons who demolish, degrade, destroy, make disappear or, in any manner, damage immovable cultural and natural property to be protected or give rise to such acts by intent shall be punished with a prison sentence of two to five years and judicial fine up to five thousand days. If such acts are committed with the intent of smuggling cultural and natural property to be protected out of the country the above penalties shall be increased one fold.(Art. 65)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Persons who issue documents in contradiction with the prohibitions shall be punished with a prison sentence from one to three years and judicial fine, if other laws do not foresee heavier penalties for this crime. Persons who intentionally do not declare and notify duly by the deadline shall be punished with a prison sentence of three months to one year and judicial fine. (Art 66)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Trade cultural property<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Persons who contradict with the obligation to report about the cultural and natural properties intentionally and without excuse shall be punished with a prison sentence of six months to three years.(Art 67\/1)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Persons who tender, sell, offer, buy, accept the cultural and natural properties which haven\u2019t been reported shall be punished with a prison sentence of two to five years and judicial fine up to five thousand days. Persons who trade the movable cultural properties which trade hasn\u2019t been prohibited without permission shall be punished with a prison sentence of six months to three years.(Art 67\/2)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Persons who take abroad the cultural and natural properties contradictory to the Law shall be punished with a prison sentence of five to twelve years and judicial fine up to five thousand days. (Art 68)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Unlicensed survey, excavation and sounding<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Persons who sound and excavate in order to find cultural properties without a license shall be punished with a prison sentence of two to five years. However, if the excavation or sounding location is not a preservation site or any other area to be protected according to the Law, one third of the penalty will be reduced.(Art 74\/1)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Persons who hunt for treasures without permission shall be punished with a prison sentence of three months to two years. However, if these acts are committed with the aim of smuggling cultural properties out of the country or by the persons who have the duty to protect the cultural properties, the penalty will be increased up to two fold. .(Art 74\/2)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In case the person delivers the cultural property found by committing the crimes to the local civil authority before the investigation starts, the court might reduce the penalty to two-thirds. .(Art 74\/3)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In case the person who hunts for treasures without license, explains the names of individuals who drive him to commit such a crime by ensuring the necessary equipments and makes them caught until the prosecution starts, the court might not only reduce the penalty, but also decide not to give any penalties.\u00a0.(Art 74\/4)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Commercial and corporate art-related transactions<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">We are one of the few law firms based in Turkey dedicated to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/turkey-is-suing-for-the-return-of-the-female-idol-of-kiliya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cultural heritage sector<\/a>. We assist collectors in taking proactive measures to prevent issues further down the line (i.e., inheritance, sale) by advising on due diligence practices prior to the purchase of art and antiquities or in researching and documenting objects already in their collections. Our attorneys are experienced in commercial and corporate art-related transactions. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">We regularly advise on arts-related matters concerning copyright and trademark, including applications for state protections and infringement litigation. We advise on domestic and international import and export restrictions for art and antiquities, both for works on the market and objects circulating temporarily on loan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">We have years of experience litigating and advising on matters for our art world clients\u2013from museums, galleries, and auction houses to major collectors, nonprofits, and artists.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Please contact our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/team\/attorneys-2\/prof-dr-vahit-bicak\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">team leader<\/a>!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Turkey, undisputedly possesses a rich cultural heritage, has conceded that illicit excavations by both foreigners and locals have been one of the country\u2019s most important issues for over a century.\u00a0Cultural property of Turkey represents the human history and achievements of societies. In its physical form, it includes, among other things, antiquities, art, artifacts, and architecture. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":23279,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,734,737,160],"tags":[1005,1007,1009,1012,1008,1010,1011,1013,1006],"class_list":["post-23277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en","category-criminal-justice-system","category-criminal-private-law","category-insights","tag-antiquities-in-turkey","tag-coins-in-turkey","tag-colored-or-tiles-ceramics-in-turkey","tag-cultural-heritage-in-turkey","tag-icons-in-turkey","tag-paintings-in-turkey","tag-statues-or-sculptures-in-turkey","tag-turkish-archaeological-objects","tag-turkish-carpets"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - 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