{"id":23210,"date":"2021-04-22T10:17:05","date_gmt":"2021-04-22T07:17:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=23210"},"modified":"2023-09-27T23:56:47","modified_gmt":"2023-09-27T20:56:47","slug":"the-use-of-cryptocurrency-for-payments-in-turkey","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/the-use-of-cryptocurrency-for-payments-in-turkey\/","title":{"rendered":"The Use of Cryptocurrency for Payments in Turkey"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">On April 16, 2021, the Turkish Central Bank issued a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tcmb.gov.tr\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/d95ee526-10cb-46c7-aa88-add68a9c1993\/ANO2021-17.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp;CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-d95ee526-10cb-46c7-aa88-add68a9c1993-nzp3dra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0statement\u00a0<\/a>relating to crypto assets. It said that cryptoassets entail significant risks because;<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">they are neither subject to any regulation nor supervision mechanisms nor a central regulatory authority,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;\">their market values can be excessively volatile,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">they may be used in illegal actions due to their anonymous structures,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">wallets can be stolen or used unlawfully without the authorization of their holders, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">transactions are irrevocable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Because of these risks, a Regulation was issued banning the use of cryptocurrency for payments. As\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2021\/04\/20210416-4.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported<\/a>\u00a0in the government\u2019s official newspaper, the purpose of the regulation is so that cryptoassets will not be used for payments, directly or indirectly. In addition, companies that handle payments and electronic fund transfers are prohibited from processing transactions involving cryptocurrency. The Regulation goes into effect on April 30, 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Accordingly, pursuant to the authority vested by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tcmb.gov.tr\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/d6ac47f4-379f-43da-bf2b-7ad855dca0ff\/ING+KANUN-Temmuz+2019.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp;CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-d6ac47f4-379f-43da-bf2b-7ad855dca0ff-mMqfpBB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Law No:1211 on the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey<\/a> (CBRT) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tcmb.gov.tr\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/a1dfa390-023c-464a-a291-d05d9e0c8884\/Payment+Systems+Law.pdf?MOD=AJPERES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Law No. 6493 on Payment and Securities Settlement Systems, Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions<\/a>, the CBRT has introduced \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tcmb.gov.tr\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/c241af16-e730-45b5-bb0d-31d3af28884e\/Regulation+on+the+Disuse+of+Crypto+Assets+in+Payments.pdf?MOD=AJPERES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation on the Disuse of Crypto Assets in Payments<\/a>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Regulation prohibits the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Use of crypto assets, directly or indirectly, in payments<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Providing services for the use of crypto assets, directly or indirectly, in payments<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Provision by payment and electronic money institutions of intermediary services to the platforms offering the trade, deposit, transfer or issuing of services relating to crypto assets or fund transfers from these platforms<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Development by payment service providers of business models enabling the use of crypto assets, directly or indirectly, in the provision of payment services and electronic money issuance, and provision by payment service providers of any services related to such business models<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Definition<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">&#8220;<em>Crypto assets<\/em>&#8221; are defined by the Central Bank Regulation as &#8220;<em>assets created virtually using distributed ledger technology or a similar technology and distributed over digital networks, but are not considered as money, fiat money, electronic money, payment instruments, securities or other capital market instruments<\/em>&#8220;. This definition distinguishes crypto assets from capital market instruments, requiring them subject to different legal regime.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Criminal Investigations<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">After the Turkish central bank announced on the 16\u2019th April 2021 that cryptocurrency is to be banned\u00a0as a means of payment, April 2021 has not been a kind month to crypto in Turkey. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/pratice-areas\/corporate-criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal investigations<\/a> against Thodex and now Vebitcoin has been immediately initiated. Turkish authorities blocked all onshore bank accounts of cryptocurrency exchange platform in the country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The action late Friday, 23\u2019th April 2021 came after crypto exchange Vebitcoin announced that it stopped all of its activities citing financial strains. The Turkish Financial Crimes Investigation Board has launched an investigation of the exchange and its managers. The move against Vebitcoin comes a day after police detained 62 people in connection with criminal complaints filed against crypto exchange Thodex.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Thodex\u00a0crypto exchange<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The\u00a0Thodex\u00a0crypto exchange went offline April 18 with its CEO subsequently going missing, fleeing the country according to reports. Users have reportedly filed a complaint alleging hundreds of millions of dollars have been stolen. \u00a0\u00a0Turkish police have detained 62 people as part of an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/works\/iinvestigation-police-prosecutor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation<\/a> into a cryptocurrency exchange that is being accused of defrauding investors, fraud, money laundering, and membership of a criminal organization. Prosecutors issued detention warrants for 16 more people linked to the Thodex cryptocurrency exchange and the detentions took place in eight provinces. \u00a0It is thought to have affected some 391,000 investors and an estimated $2 billion in investments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The founder of Turkish cryptocurrency exchange, Thodex, Faruk Fatih Ozer, has been arrested at 20 April 2023 after two years on the run. The 27-year-old is facing charges of fraud and money laundering relating to allegations of an exit scam involving at least $2 billion worth of cryptocurrency stolen from Thodex. Interpol subsequently issued a red notice for Ozer, who reportedly ran to Albania. About a year after Thodex collapsed, Ozer was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/works\/iinvestigation-police-prosecutor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arrested<\/a> in Albania in August 2022, and Turkish authorities issued a warrant for his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/pratice-areas\/international-criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extradition<\/a>. After several months of legal proceedings, Ozer was finally extradited to Turkey to face charges.\u00a0Turkish authorities have been working with international law enforcement agencies to track down the missing funds, which have been reported to be in various cryptocurrency accounts and exchanges.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Unregulated cryptocurrencies<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The Thodex saga highlights the risks associated with investing in unregulated cryptocurrencies, particularly in countries where the legal and regulatory framework is still evolving. The collapse of Thodex and the subsequent arrest of Ozer has sparked a debate in Turkey about the need for greater oversight and regulation of the cryptocurrency industry. The Turkish government is reportedly working on a new regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies, which is expected to be unveiled later this year. While the recovery of the stolen funds remains a challenging task, the arrest of Ozer sends a strong message to other would-be cryptocurrency fraudsters that they cannot evade justice indefinitely.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Alternative method of payment?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The ban is being enacted at a time when crypto use was soaring as the Turkish lira has faced significant outside selling pressure. Many people have turned to cryptocurrency as an\u00a0alternative method\u00a0of payment in order to circumvent the issues plaguing the lira.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">With exchange rates skyrocketing and inflation in the Turkish economy running high, many citizens have entered the cryptocurrency markets to protect the value of their cash and thus their purchasing power. Cryptocurrencies and their exchange platforms have recently come into sharp focus with many domestic and foreign investors because of their many advantages, including low transaction fees, 24\/7 transaction capability ease of international money transfers.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Categories of crypto tokens<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Crypto tokens can be divided into the three most common different categories; <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Payment tokens: These include the so-called cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether. They are private-law instruments of payment that can be used to purchase goods and services. Their power for purchasing or exchange is based solely on the market participants&#8217; expectation of their future usability as a means of payment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Investment tokens: Via these tokens, assets such as membership rights or debt claims become tradable. They grant their acquirer a claim to future payments or rights. They have a profound investment component and therefore, are comparable to shares or debt instruments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Utility tokens: also called usage tokens. They grant their acquirer a right to goods or services. Due to the complexity of the possible services that can be reproduced, the legal structures are very complex and multi-layered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The preparation and execution of such tokenizations and corresponding transactions are currently still poorly regulated in the World and therefore associated with many uncertainties and queries. In addition to capital market law issues and the resulting regulatory obligations, companies face also numerous civil law and tax law challenges that require careful consideration.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Huge Business Potential<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The blockchain technology on which these currencies are based offers much more potential. A whole universe of new, decentralized financial instruments is currently emerging, giving rise to new services and business models. Assets are mapped as entries in the blockchain via so-called crypto tokens. These crypto tokens are an important component of the so-called Decentralized Finance (DeFi) movement. It stands for the effort to provide financial services without human intermediation and without central instances such as central banks, solely via blockchain technology. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Crypto tokens may be defined as a digitized reproduction of assets stored in a decentralized manner on a blockchain. A transfer occurs technically in the form of a computer code from one participant to another. Such a transfer is documented by a cryptographically signed transaction in the blockchain. Nonetheless, how crypto tokens and related transactions are to be legally classified is by no means yet clarified or assured.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Scope<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Crypto tokens are no longer just digital instruments of payment. Any marketable right, unless there are specific formal requirements, can be digitized and made tradable via such tokens. Financial instruments such as shares and loans, but also (future) claims to goods or services can be represented by them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">These digital reproductions of assets are registered in the blockchain and can be bought and sold via it &#8211; similar to what we know from securities today. The technology&#8217;s claim is that it can do without central authorities such as banks, stock exchanges, and regulators. With this approach, the technology offers enormous disruptive potential.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">It eliminates the need for intermediaries and brokers, thus reducing transaction costs,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">It reduces barriers to entry and makes even the smallest shares of large assets tradable,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">It has the potential to make the availability of assets accessible to a larger target group and thus make previously non-transparent markets more efficient.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On April 16, 2021, the Turkish Central Bank issued a\u00a0statement\u00a0relating to crypto assets. It said that cryptoassets entail significant risks because;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":23205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,160],"tags":[8098,8099,8096,972,8105,8097,4127,4125,8104,973,4126,8095,4124,4123,4121,4120,8102,4122,8100,8103,974,8101,4128],"class_list":["post-23210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en","category-insights","tag-alphapo-turkey","tag-ankr-turkey","tag-asset-tracing-in-high-profile-cryptocurrency-breaches-turkey","tag-banning-the-use-of-cryptocurrency","tag-checking-blockchain-addresses","tag-coinspaid-turkey","tag-crypto-assets-lawyer-turkey","tag-crypto-assets-turkey","tag-crypto-compliance-turkey","tag-cryptoassets","tag-cryptocurrency-attorney-turkey","tag-cryptocurrency-investigations-turkey","tag-cryptocurrency-law-in-turkey","tag-cryptocurrency-market-in-turkey","tag-cryptocurrency-stolen-from-thodex","tag-cryptocurrency-turkey","tag-digital-assets-recovery-turkey","tag-faruk-fatih-ozer","tag-intricacies-of-the-cryptocurrency-world","tag-investigating-cryptocurrency-incidents-turkey","tag-payments-directly-indirectly-in-turkey","tag-returning-stolen-crypto-assets-turkey","tag-thodex-turkey"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Use of Cryptocurrency for Payments in Turkey | B\u0131\u00e7ak Legal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Banning the use of cryptocurrency for payments, crypto assets will not be used for payments, directly or indirectly in Turkey attorney lawyer\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/the-use-of-cryptocurrency-for-payments-in-turkey\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Use of Cryptocurrency for Payments in Turkey %\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On April 16, 2021, the Turkish Central Bank issued a\u00a0statement\u00a0relating to crypto assets. 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