{"id":23120,"date":"2021-01-23T01:02:45","date_gmt":"2021-01-22T22:02:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=23120"},"modified":"2026-07-03T01:32:36","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T22:32:36","slug":"cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-ve-cezasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-ve-cezasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7u ve Cezas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7u Nedir?<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu<\/a>‘nun 299. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret fiillerini ayr\u0131 bir su\u00e7 tipi olarak cezaland\u0131ran \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenlemedir. Genel hakaret su\u00e7unu d\u00fczenleyen TCK<\/a>‘n\u0131n 125. maddesinden farkl\u0131 olarak bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6neltilen hakaretleri daha a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131ma ba\u011flamakta ve kovu\u015fturma yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in Adalet Bakan\u0131n\u0131n iznini zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle TCK m. 299, yaln\u0131zca ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeni ve kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftiriye katlanma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden biridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrkiye ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 veya monarklar\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak koruyan benzer su\u00e7 tipleri ge\u00e7mi\u015fte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunmu\u015f, ancak Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi<\/a>‘nin ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin geli\u015fen i\u00e7tihad\u0131 do\u011frultusunda bu d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya uygulanma alan\u0131 olduk\u00e7a daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’de ise TCK m. 299 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olmaya devam etmekte olup, son y\u0131llarda a\u00e7\u0131lan soru\u015fturma ve dava say\u0131lar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f nedeniyle hem hukuk \u00e7evrelerinin hem de kamuoyunun en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ceza normlar\u0131ndan biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu su\u00e7un uygulanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda iki temel hukuki de\u011fer kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmektedir. Bir tarafta bireyin \u015feref ve itibar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, di\u011fer tarafta ise demokratik toplumun vazge\u00e7ilmez unsurlar\u0131ndan biri olan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle siyaset\u00e7ilere y\u00f6nelik sert ele\u015ftirilerin hangi noktada hakaret su\u00e7una d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilece\u011fi, siyasi s\u00f6ylemlerin ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n nerede ba\u015flay\u0131p nerede sona erdi\u011fi her somut olayda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereken hukuki sorunlar olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik her olumsuz de\u011ferlendirme, a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftiri veya sert siyasi s\u00f6ylem otomatik olarak hakaret su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturmaz. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de ki\u015filere s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z \u015fekilde hakaret etme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yan mutlak bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, bir a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n ele\u015ftiri kapsam\u0131nda m\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoksa ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hakaret niteli\u011fi mi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131; kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin i\u00e7eri\u011fi, a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flam, kamu yarar\u0131, hedef al\u0131nan ki\u015finin konumu ve a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc birlikte de\u011ferlendirilerek belirlenmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle sosyal medyan\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmesiyle birlikte Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc art\u0131k dijital platformlarda yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlardan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. X (eski ad\u0131yla Twitter), Instagram, Facebook, TikTok ve benzeri platformlarda yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar, yorumlar, g\u00f6rseller, videolar, karikat\u00fcrler ve zaman zaman emojiler dahi soru\u015fturma konusu olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle dijital ortamda kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011furabilece\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n bilinmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun kanuni d\u00fczenlemesi, su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131, genel hakaret su\u00e7undan farklar\u0131, soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma usul\u00fc, yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 ile Yarg\u0131tay uygulamas\u0131 birlikte ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fcncel uygulama, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve uygulamada en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan hukuki sorunlar da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak incelenmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7unun Hukuki Dayana\u011f\u0131 ve Korunan Hukuki De\u011fer<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’n\u0131n “Devletin Egemenlik Alametlerine ve Organlar\u0131n\u0131n Sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar<\/em>” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer alan 299. maddede d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Kanun koyucu, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret fiillerini genel hakaret su\u00e7undan ayr\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenleyerek bu su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel bir koruma sistemi benimsemi\u015ftir. Bu tercih, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n devletin ba\u015f\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla sahip oldu\u011fu anayasal konumdan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>Anayasa’n\u0131n 104. maddesine g\u00f6re Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Devletin ba\u015f\u0131d\u0131r ve bu s\u0131fatla T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetini ve T\u00fcrk milletinin birli\u011fini temsil eder. Devlet organlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli ve uyumlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmek de Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n anayasal g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Kanun koyucu, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bireysel ki\u015fili\u011fini de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda temsil etti\u011fi anayasal makam\u0131n sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da koruma amac\u0131yla TCK m. 299’u kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak \u00f6\u011fretide bu su\u00e7la korunan hukuki de\u011ferin ne oldu\u011fu konusunda tam bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re korunan hukuki de\u011fer, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n birey olarak \u015feref, haysiyet ve itibar\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise as\u0131l korunmak istenenin Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 makam\u0131n\u0131n devlet i\u00e7indeki anayasal konumu ve kamu otoritesine duyulan sayg\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunmaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha yayg\u0131n kabul g\u00f6ren yakla\u015f\u0131m ise her iki unsurun birlikte korundu\u011funu kabul etmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re TCK m. 299, hem Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131 hem de temsil etti\u011fi devlet makam\u0131n\u0131n sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan karma nitelikte bir su\u00e7 d\u00fczenlemesidir. <\/span>Bu tart\u0131\u015fma yaln\u0131zca teorik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131mamaktad\u0131r. Korunan hukuki de\u011ferin nas\u0131l belirlendi\u011fi, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kapsam\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da do\u011frudan etkili olmaktad\u0131r. E\u011fer korunan de\u011fer yaln\u0131zca bireysel \u015feref ve itibar olarak kabul edilirse, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 di\u011fer ki\u015filerle ayn\u0131 hukuki korumadan yararlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k makam\u0131n ayr\u0131ca korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edildi\u011finde, genel hakaret su\u00e7undan daha a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6ng\u00f6ren \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenlemenin me\u015fruiyeti g\u00fcndeme gelmektedir. \u0130\u015fte Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi’nin son y\u0131llardaki kararlar\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n odak noktas\u0131 da bu husustur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, demokratik toplumlarda devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131radan vatanda\u015flara g\u00f6re daha geni\u015f bir ele\u015ftiri alan\u0131na katlanmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Mahkemeye g\u00f6re ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca toplum taraf\u0131ndan benimsenen veya zarars\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fclen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler i\u00e7in de\u011fil; rahats\u0131z edici, sars\u0131c\u0131 ve incitici olabilecek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu nedenle devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer bireylere g\u00f6re daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde koruyan ceza normlar\u0131n\u0131n, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki do\u011furup do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her somut olayda dikkatle de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi ise TCK m. 299’un iptali istemiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davada farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsemi\u015ftir. Mahkemeye g\u00f6re ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc demokratik toplumun temel unsurlar\u0131ndan biri olmakla birlikte, ki\u015filerin \u015feref ve itibarlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 da anayasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n devletin ba\u015f\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla sahip oldu\u011fu anayasal konum dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu makama y\u00f6nelik hakaret fiillerinin ayr\u0131 bir su\u00e7 olarak d\u00fczenlenmesi tek ba\u015f\u0131na Anayasa’ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmamaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte Anayasa Mahkemesi de ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n her somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini kabul etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin hukuki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n odak noktas\u0131, su\u00e7un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade uygulanma bi\u00e7imidir. \u00d6zellikle siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan sert ifadelerin hangi noktada cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilir hakarete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi ve ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n demokratik toplum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem ulusal hem de uluslararas\u0131 yarg\u0131 mercileri taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmeye devam etmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7unun Unsurlar\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’nun 299. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7 tipinin b\u00fct\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n somut olayda birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekir. Her sert ele\u015ftiri, her rahats\u0131z edici ifade veya Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik her olumsuz de\u011ferlendirme bu su\u00e7u olu\u015fturmaz. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, yaln\u0131zca kullan\u0131lan kelimelerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131larak da su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131lamaz. Bir a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n hakaret niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilirken s\u00f6zlerin s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi ortam, a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, kullan\u0131lan dil, hedef al\u0131nan ki\u015finin konumu, a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir tart\u0131\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 birlikte dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.1. Fail<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun faili bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kanunda herhangi bir \u00f6zel \u015fart \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle su\u00e7un faili herkes olabilir. T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 veya yabanc\u0131, kamu g\u00f6revlisi veya \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131, gazeteci, siyaset\u00e7i, akademisyen ya da s\u0131radan bir sosyal medya kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan herhangi bir ayr\u0131m bulunmamaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan failin sahip oldu\u011fu meslek, sosyal stat\u00fc veya kamu g\u00f6revi de kural olarak \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maz. Ancak baz\u0131 meslek gruplar\u0131n\u0131n kamuoyu \u00fczerindeki etkisi veya a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 platform, cezan\u0131n bireyselle\u015ftirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilebilecek hususlar aras\u0131nda yer alabilir. <\/span>T\u00fczel ki\u015filer ise ceza sorumlulu\u011funa sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun faili olamazlar. Bununla birlikte bir \u015firketin internet sitesi, kurumsal sosyal medya hesab\u0131 veya bas\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hakaret i\u00e7erdi\u011fi iddia edilen bir payla\u015f\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, ceza sorumlulu\u011fu payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.2. Ma\u011fdur<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun ma\u011fduru, g\u00f6revde bulunan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7un olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in hakaret edilen ki\u015finin fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi tarihte Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir. <\/span>Bu nedenle g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi sona ermi\u015f eski Cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaretler TCK m. 299 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmez. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde hen\u00fcz Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilmemi\u015f veya gelecekte Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olmas\u0131 beklenen ki\u015filer hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar da bu su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011fildir. B\u00f6yle durumlarda \u015fartlar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015fsa genel hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler uygulanabilir. <\/span>Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131, Anayasa uyar\u0131nca se\u00e7ilen ki\u015finin T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00f6n\u00fcnde yemin ederek g\u00f6reve ba\u015flamas\u0131yla kazan\u0131l\u0131r ve yeni Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6reve ba\u015flamas\u0131na kadar devam eder. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan TCK m. 299 uygulan\u0131rken, g\u00f6rev sonras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan genel hakaret h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. <\/span>\u00d6\u011fretide, bu su\u00e7un ma\u011fdurunun yaln\u0131zca Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n temsil etti\u011fi devlet makam\u0131 m\u0131 oldu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte uygulamada soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturmalar do\u011frudan g\u00f6revde bulunan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret iddias\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.3. Maddi Unsur<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u serbest hareketli bir su\u00e7tur. Kanunda su\u00e7un hangi davran\u0131\u015flarla i\u015flenebilece\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle ki\u015finin onur, \u015feref ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 rencide etmeye elveri\u015fli her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6z, yaz\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, i\u015faret veya davran\u0131\u015f su\u00e7un maddi unsurunu olu\u015fturabilir. <\/span>Hakaret su\u00e7u iki farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015flenebilir. Bunlardan ilki, ki\u015fiye somut bir fiil veya olgu isnat edilmesidir. \u0130kincisi ise do\u011frudan s\u00f6vme niteli\u011finde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 ifadeler kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Her iki durumda da kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin objektif olarak ki\u015fiyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 gerekir.\u00a0<\/span>Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde yaln\u0131zca tek bir kelimeye odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Bir konu\u015fma, yaz\u0131 veya sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak incelenmeli; a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n amac\u0131, ba\u011flam\u0131 ve kamuoyundaki tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 kelime farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda hakaret olu\u015fturabilece\u011fi gibi, sert bir siyasi ele\u015ftirinin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak da de\u011ferlendirilebilir. <\/span>Hakaret fiili s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak i\u015flenebilece\u011fi gibi yaz\u0131l\u0131 veya g\u00f6rsel yollarla da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir. Gazete yaz\u0131lar\u0131, televizyon programlar\u0131, bas\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, karikat\u00fcrler, afi\u015fler, pankartlar, videolar ve dijital i\u00e7erikler bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. X (eski ad\u0131yla Twitter), Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, YouTube ve benzeri platformlarda yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar, yorumlar, videolar, foto\u011fraflar veya karikat\u00fcrler soru\u015fturma konusu olabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n otomatik olarak su\u00e7 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Her olayda payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi, yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flam ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkeleri birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. <\/span>Hakaret su\u00e7unun olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 bizzat g\u00f6rmesi veya duymas\u0131 da zorunlu de\u011fildir. A\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131na engel de\u011fildir. \u00d6nemli olan kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin objektif olarak onur ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedelemeye elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.4. Manevi Unsur<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u yaln\u0131zca kasten i\u015flenebilir. Kanunda bu su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan taksirli i\u015flenme h\u00e2li d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle dikkatsizlik veya \u00f6zensizlik sonucu kullan\u0131lan ifadeler nedeniyle TCK m. 299 kapsam\u0131nda ceza sorumlulu\u011fu do\u011fmaz. <\/span>Genel kast yeterlidir. Failin Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifadelerin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte oldu\u011funu bilerek ve isteyerek hareket etmesi gerekir. Failin siyasi saiklerle hareket etmesi, muhalif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip olmas\u0131 veya iktidar\u0131 ele\u015ftirme amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na su\u00e7un olu\u015fumu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belirleyici de\u011fildir. <\/span>Bununla birlikte uygulamada en \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fmalardan biri, kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin ger\u00e7ekten hakaret kast\u0131yla m\u0131 yoksa siyasi ele\u015ftiri amac\u0131yla m\u0131 dile getirildi\u011finin belirlenmesidir. \u00d6zellikle sert siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopar\u0131larak de\u011ferlendirilmesi sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 vermeyebilir. Bu nedenle a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu ve kullan\u0131lan dil birlikte incelenmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.5. Aleniyet<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun alenen i\u015flenmesi cezan\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren nitelikli bir h\u00e2lidir. T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’na g\u00f6re su\u00e7un alenen i\u015flenmesi durumunda verilecek ceza alt\u0131da biri oran\u0131nda art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. <\/span>Aleniyet, hakaret i\u00e7eren a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n belirsiz say\u0131da ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek veya duyulabilecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Televizyon yay\u0131nlar\u0131, gazeteler, internet haber siteleri, a\u00e7\u0131k sosyal medya hesaplar\u0131, miting konu\u015fmalar\u0131 veya herkesin eri\u015fimine a\u00e7\u0131k internet payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 kural olarak aleniyet unsurunu kar\u015f\u0131layabilir. <\/span>Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yaln\u0131zca belirli ki\u015filerin bulundu\u011fu kapal\u0131 bir ortamda yap\u0131lan konu\u015fmalar veya eri\u015fimi ciddi \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ileti\u015fim gruplar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan aleniyet unsurunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.\u00a0<\/span>Sosyal medya bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da her payla\u015f\u0131m otomatik olarak aleni kabul edilmez. Hesab\u0131n gizlilik ayarlar\u0131, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n kimlere a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu, eri\u015fim imk\u00e2n\u0131 ve payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n fiilen ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmede \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.6. Te\u015febb\u00fcs ve \u0130\u015ftirak<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, \u00e7o\u011fu durumda ani hareketle tamamlanan bir su\u00e7 oldu\u011fundan te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanabilece\u011fi alan olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Hakaret i\u00e7eren a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n muhatab\u0131na veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce failin iradesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda engellenmesi gibi istisnai durumlarda te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 teorik olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmakla birlikte, uygulamada bu t\u00fcr \u00f6rneklere olduk\u00e7a seyrek rastlanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>Su\u00e7a i\u015ftirak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’nun genel h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulan\u0131r. Birden fazla ki\u015finin birlikte hareket ederek hakaret i\u00e7erikli a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yapmas\u0131 veya ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 bu su\u00e7u i\u015flemeye azmettirmesi h\u00e2linde i\u015ftirak h\u00fck\u00fcmleri g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Her failin hukuki sorumlulu\u011fu kendi katk\u0131s\u0131 ve kast\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.7. Zincirleme Su\u00e7<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ayn\u0131 su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda farkl\u0131 zamanlarda birden fazla hakaret i\u00e7eren payla\u015f\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. \u00d6zellikle sosyal medya \u00fczerinden belirli bir zaman diliminde pe\u015f pe\u015fe yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, her payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir su\u00e7 mu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yoksa tek su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin mi uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re belirlenmektedir. <\/span>Bu de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131l\u0131rken payla\u015f\u0131mlar aras\u0131ndaki zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u00e7erik benzerli\u011fi, su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131n devam edip etmedi\u011fi ve fiiller aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 birlikte dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde fail hakk\u0131nda tek ceza belirlenmekte, ancak bu ceza T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’nun 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca art\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7u ile \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Aras\u0131ndaki S\u0131n\u0131r<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin hukuki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n merkezinde, ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ile ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki denge yer almaktad\u0131r. Demokratik toplumlarda bireylerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini serbest\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klayabilmeleri, kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirebilmeleri ve siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131labilmeleri temel haklardan biridir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k hi\u00e7 kimsenin onur, \u015feref ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar da ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011fildir. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u tam da bu iki anayasal de\u011ferin kesi\u015fti\u011fi noktada yer almaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Anayasa’n\u0131n 26. maddesi, herkesin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaatlerini s\u00f6z, yaz\u0131, resim veya ba\u015fka yollarla a\u00e7\u0131klama ve yayma hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi’nin 10. maddesi de ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc temel hak olarak korumaktad\u0131r. Ancak her iki d\u00fczenleme de ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn mutlak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmekte; ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u00f6hret veya haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gibi me\u015fru ama\u00e7larla belirli s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara izin vermektedir. <\/span>Sorun, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n hangi noktada ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle siyaset\u00e7ilerin ve devletin en \u00fcst makam\u0131nda bulunan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ele\u015ftiriye katlanmak zorunda oldu\u011fu uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r hem ulusal hem de uluslararas\u0131 yarg\u0131 mercilerinin g\u00fcndemindedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.1. \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Demokratik Toplumun Temelidir<\/span><\/h4>\n

Gerek Anayasa Mahkemesi gerekse Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131nda ortak olarak vurgulanan ilke, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca toplumun benimsedi\u011fi veya zarars\u0131z g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler i\u00e7in de\u011fil; rahats\u0131z edici, sars\u0131c\u0131 ve hatta incitici olabilecek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fudur. Demokratik toplumun geli\u015febilmesi, farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin serbest\u00e7e tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar ise ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc koruma alanlar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc siyaset\u00e7iler kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan ki\u015filer olup, faaliyetleri do\u011fal olarak kamuoyunun denetimine a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin kararlar\u0131n\u0131n, politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131n sert bi\u00e7imde ele\u015ftirilmesi demokratik sistemin ola\u011fan bir unsurudur. <\/span>Bu nedenle demokratik toplumlarda siyaset\u00e7ilerin, s\u0131radan bireylere k\u0131yasla daha a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftirilere katlanmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmektedir. Bunun nedeni siyaset\u00e7ilerin ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n daha az korunmas\u0131 de\u011fil, kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n serbest bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinin demokratik toplum a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00f6nemdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.2. Ele\u015ftiri ile Hakaret Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130nce \u00c7izgi<\/span><\/h4>\n

Uygulamada en fazla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck yaratan konu, hangi ifadelerin ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi, hangilerinin ise hakaret su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011funun belirlenmesidir. Kanun bu konuda kesin bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct koymamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle de\u011ferlendirme her somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Bir a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n sert, k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, rahats\u0131z edici veya a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun olu\u015ftu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u00fcslup \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta kabul edilebilir s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ebilir. \u00d6zellikle se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemlerinde, mitinglerde veya kamuoyunu yak\u0131ndan ilgilendiren konular\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortamlarda taraflar\u0131n sert ifadeler kullanmas\u0131 demokratik hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. <\/span>Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n temel amac\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klamak de\u011fil, ki\u015fiyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamak veya toplum \u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011fersizle\u015ftirmek oldu\u011fu durumlarda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn koruma alan\u0131 daralmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle s\u00f6vme niteli\u011findeki ifadeler, ki\u015fiye hi\u00e7bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel i\u00e7erik ta\u015f\u0131maks\u0131z\u0131n y\u00f6neltilen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamalar ve yaln\u0131zca hakaret amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan s\u00f6zler ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmemektedir. <\/span>Bu nedenle de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131l\u0131rken yaln\u0131zca kullan\u0131lan tek bir kelimeye odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011fildir. A\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n tamam\u0131, kamuoyunda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu, kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin ba\u011flam\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n amac\u0131 ve kamu yarar\u0131na katk\u0131s\u0131 birlikte incelenmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.3. Siyasi Ele\u015ftiri Daha Geni\u015f Koruma G\u00f6rmektedir<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, anayasal sistem i\u00e7inde devletin ba\u015f\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcst makam\u0131nda bulunan ki\u015fidir. Bu nedenle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n kamuoyunda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc siyasi faaliyetler, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ve ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar do\u011fal olarak yo\u011fun kamuoyu denetimine tabidir. <\/span>Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, siyaset\u00e7ilerin ele\u015ftiriye katlanma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131radan bireylere g\u00f6re daha geni\u015f oldu\u011funu bir\u00e7ok karar\u0131nda vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bunun nedeni siyaset\u00e7ilerin kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n merkezinde yer almalar\u0131 ve kamuoyunun denetimine a\u00e7\u0131k olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Ancak bu durum, siyaset\u00e7ilerin veya Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde hukuki korumadan yararlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na da gelmez. Kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirme hakk\u0131 ile ki\u015fisel sald\u0131r\u0131lar aras\u0131nda makul bir denge kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Demokratik toplumun gerektirdi\u011fi sert siyasi ele\u015ftiri korunurken, yaln\u0131zca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 nitelikteki ifadelerin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/span>Bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 her zaman kolay de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 ifade farkl\u0131 olaylarda farkl\u0131 anlam ta\u015f\u0131yabilir. Bir konu\u015fman\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde siyasi ele\u015ftiri niteli\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek bir s\u00f6z, ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hakaret olarak alg\u0131lanabilir. Bu nedenle yarg\u0131sal de\u011ferlendirmelerde a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.4. Sosyal Medya \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Yeni Alan\u0131d\u0131r<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc art\u0131k sosyal medya platformlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fcmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde milyonlarca ki\u015fi siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini X, Instagram, Facebook, TikTok ve benzeri platformlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Sosyal medyan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi payla\u015f\u0131mlar k\u0131sa, do\u011frudan ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman duygusal ifadeler i\u00e7erebilmektedir. Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmesi ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n anl\u0131k tepki g\u00f6stermesi, kullan\u0131lan dilin sertle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7abilmektedir. Bununla birlikte sosyal medya da hukukun tamamen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bir alan de\u011fildir. <\/span>Bir payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sosyal medyada yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n dijital ortamda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenemez. Mahkemeler sosyal medya i\u00e7eriklerini de\u011ferlendirirken payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih, kamuoyundaki tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu, hesab\u0131n niteli\u011fi, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n eri\u015fim alan\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc gibi unsurlar\u0131 birlikte dikkate almaktad\u0131r. <\/span>\u00d6zellikle mizah, hiciv, karikat\u00fcr, ironi ve mecazi anlat\u0131mlar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkeleri daha da \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu anlat\u0131m bi\u00e7imleri \u00e7o\u011fu zaman abart\u0131l\u0131 ve provoke edici ifadeler i\u00e7erir. Bunlar\u0131n do\u011frudan hakaret olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde gere\u011finden fazla cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki do\u011furabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.5. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ve Cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Etki<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar yaln\u0131zca su\u00e7un olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda uygulanan yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n demokratik toplum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gerekli ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.\u00a0<\/span>\u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yap\u0131lan her m\u00fcdahalenin me\u015fru bir amaca dayanmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. M\u00fcdahalenin ayn\u0131 zamanda demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin gereklerine uygun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de hapis cezas\u0131, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki yaratabilmektedir. Bu durum yaln\u0131zca hakk\u0131nda dava a\u00e7\u0131lan ki\u015fiyi de\u011fil, benzer a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen di\u011fer bireyleri de etkileyebilir. <\/span>Bu nedenle gerek Anayasa Mahkemesi gerekse Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne m\u00fcdahale olu\u015fturan ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken yaln\u0131zca kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin niteli\u011fine de\u011fil; yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, kamu yarar\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmaya katk\u0131s\u0131na ve m\u00fcdahalenin demokratik toplum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zorunlu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na da bakmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.6. Somut Olay\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri Belirleyicidir<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin davalarda genel ge\u00e7er bir form\u00fcl bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 kelime bir olayda hakaret olarak de\u011ferlendirilirken ba\u015fka bir olayda siyasi ele\u015ftiri kapsam\u0131nda kabul edilebilir. Bu nedenle her dosya kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde incelenmelidir. <\/span>Mahkemeler de\u011ferlendirme yaparken a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih, siyasi ve toplumsal ba\u011flam, kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131na katk\u0131s\u0131, hedef al\u0131nan ki\u015finin konumu, kullan\u0131lan \u00fcslup ve a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n genel amac\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok unsuru birlikte dikkate almaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Sonu\u00e7 olarak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun uygulanmas\u0131nda temel mesele, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn gereksiz \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 ile ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n etkili bi\u00e7imde korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda adil bir denge kurulabilmesidir. Demokratik hukuk devletlerinde bu denge, soyut ve genel kurallardan ziyade somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri dikkate al\u0131narak kurulmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Anayasa Mahkemesinin Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7una Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin hukuki tart\u0131\u015fmalar yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’nun 299. maddesinin lafz\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn Anayasa’da g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r hem norm denetimine hem de bireysel ba\u015fvurulara konu olmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unu do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirebilmek i\u00e7in Anayasa Mahkemesinin konuya yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da incelenmesi gerekir. <\/span>Anayasa Mahkemesi, TCK m. 299’un iptali istemiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davada h\u00fckm\u00fcn Anayasa’ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahkeme, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa uyar\u0131nca devletin ba\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetini ve T\u00fcrk milletinin birli\u011fini temsil etti\u011fini, bu nedenle kanun koyucunun Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret fiillerini genel hakaret su\u00e7undan ayr\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme ile korumas\u0131n\u0131n anayasal takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fini kabul etmi\u015ftir (Anayasa Mahkemesi, 14.12.2016, E. 2016\/25, K. 2016\/186<\/em>).\u00a0<\/span>Mahkeme karar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle iki anayasal de\u011ferin dengelenmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, di\u011feri ise ki\u015filerin maddi ve manevi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesine g\u00f6re ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin vazge\u00e7ilmez unsurlar\u0131ndan biri olmakla birlikte, bireylere ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n onur ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde zedeleme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131mamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n anayasal konumu dikkate al\u0131narak getirilen \u00f6zel koruma, tek ba\u015f\u0131na Anayasa’ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmaz.\u00a0<\/span>Ancak bu tespit, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik her ele\u015ftirinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. Nitekim Anayasa Mahkemesi bireysel ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131nda, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalelerin her somut olay bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini kabul etmektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mahkemeye g\u00f6re bir a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n yaln\u0131zca rahats\u0131z edici veya sert olmas\u0131 nedeniyle cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 demokratik toplum d\u00fczeniyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayabilir. M\u00fcdahalenin kanuni dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir; ayn\u0131 zamanda me\u015fru bir amaca dayanmas\u0131, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin gereklerine uygun olmas\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesini kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 gerekir. <\/span>Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00f6zellikle siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn daha geni\u015f yorumlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kabul etmektedir. Demokratik sistemde kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan ki\u015filerin ve siyaset\u00e7ilerin kamuoyu taraf\u0131ndan daha yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde ele\u015ftirilmeleri ola\u011fan kabul edilmektedir. Sert ele\u015ftiri, rahats\u0131z edici ifadeler veya a\u011f\u0131r siyasi s\u00f6ylemler tek ba\u015f\u0131na hakaret olarak nitelendirilemez. A\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, kamu yarar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya katk\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin ba\u011flam\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n amac\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mahkemenin bireysel ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7eken bir di\u011fer husus ise “cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki” kavram\u0131d\u0131r. Ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, uzun s\u00fcren yarg\u0131lamalar veya hapis cezas\u0131 tehdidi yaln\u0131zca ba\u015fvurucuyu de\u011fil, benzer konularda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamak isteyen di\u011fer ki\u015fileri de etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalelerin ger\u00e7ekten zorunlu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her olay bak\u0131m\u0131ndan dikkatle incelenmelidir.\u00a0<\/span>Bununla birlikte Anayasa Mahkemesi, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn mutlak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda da istikrarl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsemektedir. Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 ile do\u011frudan ki\u015fiyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00f6vme niteli\u011findeki ifadeler ayn\u0131 hukuki korumadan yararlanmaz. \u00d6zellikle kamu yarar\u0131na ili\u015fkin hi\u00e7bir katk\u0131 sunmayan, tek amac\u0131 ki\u015fiyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek olan ifadeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan devletin cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulama yetkisinin bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesinin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 genel olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, TCK m. 299’un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anayasal a\u00e7\u0131dan kabul etmekle birlikte, bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n otomatik veya geni\u015f yorumlara dayand\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Mahkemeye g\u00f6re her olayda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ki\u015filik haklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda adil denge kurulmal\u0131; de\u011ferlendirme kullan\u0131lan tek bir kelime \u00fczerinden de\u011fil, a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ve somut olay\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesinin Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin uluslararas\u0131 hukuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli i\u00e7tihatlar Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Mahkeme, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok say\u0131da karar\u0131nda devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f ve demokratik toplumlarda kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan ki\u015filerin daha geni\u015f ele\u015ftirilere katlanmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span>Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesinin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 tek bir karara dayanmamaktad\u0131r. Fransa, \u0130spanya ve T\u00fcrkiye hakk\u0131nda verilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da karar birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde ortak baz\u0131 ilkelerin olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu ilkeler, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi’nin 10. maddesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mahkemenin T\u00fcrkiye bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en dikkat \u00e7ekici kararlar\u0131ndan biri Vedat \u015eorli\/T\u00fcrkiye<\/em> karar\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fvurucu, sosyal medya \u00fczerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131mlar nedeniyle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7undan mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015f ve hakk\u0131nda h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, yaln\u0131zca mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 kurumunu da ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan incelemi\u015f ve bunun bireyler \u00fczerinde cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki yaratabilece\u011fini de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mahkemeye g\u00f6re demokratik toplumlarda devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer bireylere g\u00f6re daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ceza hukuku korumas\u0131ndan yararlanmalar\u0131, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hakl\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu anayasal konum, onu kamuoyu denetiminden muaf h\u00e2le getirmez. Aksine, siyasal tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n merkezinde bulunan ki\u015filerin kamuoyunun daha yo\u011fun ele\u015ftirilerine katlanmalar\u0131 beklenir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mahkeme ayr\u0131ca, hapis cezas\u0131 tehdidinin veya ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ilgili ki\u015fi \u00fczerinde de\u011fil, toplumun genelinde de cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki do\u011furabilece\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n siyasi konularda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamaktan \u00e7ekinmelerine yol a\u00e7abilecek yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeni bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel bir hassasiyetle de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi’nin Fransa ve \u0130spanya hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi kararlar da benzer ilkeleri ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan sert ifadelerin, abart\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlerin, hiciv ve mizah unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne daha geni\u015f koruma sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmektedir. Mahkemeye g\u00f6re siyasi s\u00f6ylem \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sert, rahats\u0131z edici ve provoke edici olabilir. Bu \u00f6zellikler tek ba\u015f\u0131na ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 hakl\u0131 k\u0131lmaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z oldu\u011funu da kabul etmemektedir. Nefret s\u00f6ylemi, \u015fiddete a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 veya tamamen ki\u015fiyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamaya y\u00f6nelik ve kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmaya hi\u00e7bir katk\u0131 sunmayan ifadeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan devletlerin belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde takdir yetkisi bulundu\u011funu kabul etmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Mahkemenin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde korunamayaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011fildir. As\u0131l \u00fczerinde durulan konu, sa\u011flanan koruman\u0131n demokratik toplum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gerekli ve orant\u0131l\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi ile Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde dikkat \u00e7ekici bir ortak nokta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Her iki y\u00fcksek mahkeme de ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn mutlak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmekte; ancak de\u011ferlendirmede kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131n, kamu yarar\u0131na katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir. Ayr\u0131\u015fma ise daha \u00e7ok Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na genel hakaret su\u00e7undan farkl\u0131 ve daha a\u011f\u0131r koruma sa\u011flayan \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemenin gereklili\u011fi ile bu d\u00fczenlemenin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerindeki etkisinin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin davalarda yaln\u0131zca TCK m. 299’un lafz\u0131na dayan\u0131larak sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. G\u00fcncel uygulamada Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131n birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmesi, hem savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n etkin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 hem de ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ki\u015filik haklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda adil dengenin kurulabilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. Sosyal Medya Payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7u<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc art\u0131k sosyal medya platformlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlardan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Dijital ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmesiyle birlikte bireyler siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00e7o\u011funlukla internet \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131klamakta, kamuoyunu ilgilendiren geli\u015fmelere anl\u0131k tepki vermekte ve tart\u0131\u015fmalara \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i ortamda kat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ceza hukuku aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin sosyal medya bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesini gerekli k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal medya platformlar\u0131 teknik olarak farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip olsa da ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan temel de\u011ferlendirme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n X (eski ad\u0131yla Twitter), Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, YouTube, LinkedIn veya ba\u015fka bir platformda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011funu ya da olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermez. \u00d6nemli olan kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin i\u00e7eri\u011fi, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flam, kamu yarar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya katk\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve objektif olarak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n onur ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zedelemeye elveri\u015fli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal medyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede geni\u015f kitlelere ula\u015fabilmesidir. Bu nedenle a\u00e7\u0131k profillerden yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan aleniyet unsurunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman daha kolay kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte hesab\u0131n gizli olmas\u0131 veya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131daki ki\u015filere a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131, aleniyet de\u011ferlendirmesinde dikkate al\u0131nabilecek unsurlar aras\u0131nda yer alabilir. Ancak hesab\u0131n gizli olmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na ceza sorumlulu\u011funu ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Her somut olay\u0131n kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulamada en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan soru\u015fturma konular\u0131ndan biri, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan hedef alan k\u0131sa yorumlar ve anl\u0131k payla\u015f\u0131mlard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcndemdeki siyasi geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmelerde kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin hakaret mi yoksa sert siyasi ele\u015ftiri mi oldu\u011fu \u00e7o\u011fu zaman tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmaktad\u0131r. Mahkemeler bu de\u011ferlendirmeyi yaparken yaln\u0131zca belirli bir kelimeye odaklanmamakta; payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131, kullan\u0131lan dilin niteli\u011fini, tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusunu ve payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n genel amac\u0131n\u0131 birlikte incelemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal medyada kullan\u0131lan mizah, ironi ve hiciv de ayr\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerektirir. Karikat\u00fcrler, montaj g\u00f6rseller, mizahi videolar ve sembolik anlat\u0131mlar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman abart\u0131 unsurunu i\u00e7erir. Bu t\u00fcr i\u00e7eriklerin do\u011frudan hakaret olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerinde gereksiz bir bask\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir. Bu nedenle hem Anayasa Mahkemesi hem de Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131nda, mizahi anlat\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerinin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zelliklerinin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte mizah amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan her payla\u015f\u0131m da otomatik olarak hukuki koruma alt\u0131nda de\u011fildir. Mizah g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan, herhangi bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 veya kamu yarar\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fma niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mayan i\u00e7erikler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131labilir. Bu nedenle karikat\u00fcrler ve mizahi payla\u015f\u0131mlar da kendi ba\u011flam\u0131 i\u00e7inde incelenmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sosyal medya uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte yapay zek\u00e2 kullan\u0131larak olu\u015fturulan g\u00f6rseller ve videolar da yeni hukuki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7e\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f videolar (deepfake) veya yapay zek\u00e2 destekli g\u00f6rseller arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar, yaln\u0131zca hakaret su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011fil; ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlali, \u00f6zel hayat\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bilgi yay\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da farkl\u0131 hukuki sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilir. Bu nedenle dijital i\u00e7eriklerin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde teknik \u00f6zelliklerin ve payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ger\u00e7ek etkisinin de dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulamada s\u0131k\u00e7a sorulan konulardan biri de payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sonradan silinmesinin hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furup do\u011furmayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bir payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n silinmi\u015f olmas\u0131, soru\u015fturman\u0131n kendili\u011finden ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ekran g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, adli bili\u015fim y\u00f6ntemleriyle tespit edilmesi veya ba\u015fka ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan kaydedilmi\u015f bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde soru\u015fturma devam edebilir. Bununla birlikte payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, failin sonraki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve di\u011fer somut olay \u00f6zellikleri cezan\u0131n bireyselle\u015ftirilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anonim veya takma isim kullan\u0131lan hesaplar da ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131na konu olabilmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde dijital delillerin elde edilmesine ili\u015fkin teknik imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n geli\u015fmesi nedeniyle, gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen h\u00e2llerde payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesab\u0131n sahibi \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle tespit edilebilmektedir. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, her olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekte olup, dijital delillerin hukuka uygun bi\u00e7imde elde edilmesi ve de\u011ferlendirilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak sosyal medya, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn en yo\u011fun kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlardan biri olmakla birlikte hukukun tamamen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bir ortam de\u011fildir. Dijital platformlarda yap\u0131lan siyasi ele\u015ftiriler geni\u015f anayasal korumadan yararlan\u0131rken, ki\u015fiyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamaya y\u00f6nelik hakaret i\u00e7erikli ifadeler ayn\u0131 korumadan yararlanmayabilir. Bu nedenle \u00f6zellikle kamuoyunu ilgilendiren tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlarda kullan\u0131lan dilin hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilece\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

8. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7unda Soru\u015fturma ve Kovu\u015fturma S\u00fcreci<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, \u015fik\u00e2yete ba\u011fl\u0131 su\u00e7lardan de\u011fildir. Cumhuriyet savc\u0131s\u0131, su\u00e7un i\u015flendi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ihbar, \u015fik\u00e2yet veya ba\u015fka herhangi bir yolla bilgi edinmesi h\u00e2linde resen soru\u015fturma ba\u015flatabilir. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131ca \u015fik\u00e2yette bulunmas\u0131 veya soru\u015fturma talep etmesi zorunlu de\u011fildir. <\/span>Soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda Cumhuriyet savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle su\u00e7un i\u015flendi\u011fine ili\u015fkin yeterli \u015f\u00fcphe bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu kapsamda sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, haber i\u00e7erikleri, video kay\u0131tlar\u0131, tan\u0131k beyanlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer dijital deliller toplanabilir. Dijital delillerin hukuka uygun y\u00f6ntemlerle elde edilmesi ve g\u00fcvenilir bi\u00e7imde muhafaza edilmesi ceza muhakemesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unu di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok su\u00e7tan ay\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerden biri, kamu davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in Adalet Bakan\u0131n\u0131n izninin gerekli olmas\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’nun 299. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca Cumhuriyet savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, soru\u015fturma sonunda yeterli \u015f\u00fcphe bulundu\u011fu kanaatine ula\u015fsa dahi, Bakanl\u0131k izni olmadan iddianame d\u00fczenleyemez. Bu izin, soru\u015fturman\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bir usul \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Adalet Bakan\u0131n\u0131n izin vermemesi h\u00e2linde kamu davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lamaz. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k izin verilmesi, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n mutlaka mahk\u00fbm edilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na da gelmez. \u0130zin yaln\u0131zca kovu\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilebilmesini sa\u011flayan usule ili\u015fkin bir i\u015flemdir. Mahkeme, yarg\u0131lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda su\u00e7un b\u00fct\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirerek beraat veya mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unda g\u00f6revli mahkeme, kural olarak Asliye Ceza Mahkemesidir. Yetkili mahkeme ise genel ceza muhakemesi kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenmektedir. \u0130nternet ortam\u0131nda i\u015flenen su\u00e7larda yetki konusu zaman zaman teknik tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7abilmekte, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n nerede yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve su\u00e7un nerede i\u015flendi\u011fi gibi hususlar ayr\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan dava zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi sekiz y\u0131ld\u0131r. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde soru\u015fturma veya kovu\u015fturma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Su\u00e7, uzla\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131nda bulunan su\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda yer almamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda uzla\u015ft\u0131rma prosed\u00fcr\u00fc uygulanmaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verilmesi h\u00e2linde ise genel ceza hukuku kurumlar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n ertelenmesi veya \u015fartlar\u0131 olu\u015ftu\u011fu takdirde k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n adli para cezas\u0131na \u00e7evrilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Ancak bu hususlarda otomatik bir uygulama bulunmamakta; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ki\u015fili\u011fi, sab\u0131kas\u0131, su\u00e7un i\u015fleni\u015f bi\u00e7imi ve di\u011fer bireyselle\u015ftirme nedenleri mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin davalarda savunman\u0131n yaln\u0131zca kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin anlam\u0131na odaklanmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. A\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n hangi olay \u00fczerine yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamu yarar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya katk\u0131s\u0131, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkeleri, Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u00d6zellikle sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na dayanan soru\u015fturmalarda dijital delillerin hukuka uygunlu\u011fu, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ger\u00e7ek sahibi, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilip de\u011fi\u015ftirilmedi\u011fi ve ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopar\u0131l\u0131p kopar\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi hususlar savunma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 veya iddianame d\u00fczenlenmesi, ki\u015finin mutlaka mahk\u00fbm olaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Ceza muhakemesinin temel ilkeleri gere\u011fince herkes, su\u00e7lulu\u011fu mahkeme karar\u0131yla kesin olarak sabit oluncaya kadar masum kabul edilir. Bu nedenle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin yarg\u0131lamalarda da masumiyet karinesi, adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 ve silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkeleri eksiksiz \u015fekilde uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

9. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7una \u0130li\u015fkin \u0130statistikler ve G\u00fcncel E\u011filimler<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, son y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye’de en fazla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ceza hukuku d\u00fczenlemelerinden biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle sosyal medyan\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, dijital ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n merkezine yerle\u015fmesi ve siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i platformlara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, bu su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturmalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131nda belirgin bir art\u0131\u015fa neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 y\u0131llarda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 adalet istatistikleri incelendi\u011finde, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin soru\u015fturma ve dava say\u0131lar\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekici bir y\u00fckseli\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kamuoyuna yans\u0131yan resm\u00ee verilere g\u00f6re, 2014-2021 d\u00f6neminde y\u00fcz binlerce ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda soru\u015fturma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, on binlerce ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda kamu davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ocuklar hakk\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n da \u00f6nceki y\u0131llara k\u0131yasla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte istatistiklerin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde dikkatli olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n son y\u0131llarda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 adalet istatistiklerinde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, baz\u0131 tablolarda T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’nun 299 ila 301. maddeleri kapsam\u0131ndaki di\u011fer su\u00e7larla birlikte g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Bu nedenle farkl\u0131 y\u0131llara ait veriler do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken kullan\u0131lan istatistik y\u00f6nteminin de dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Say\u0131sal veriler, tek ba\u015f\u0131na su\u00e7un uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n hukuki de\u011ferlendirilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeterli de\u011fildir. Ancak uygulamadaki e\u011filimleri g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n soru\u015fturmalara konu olma oran\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ceza hukuku aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin dijital \u00e7a\u011fda yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesini gerekli k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrkiye’de de\u011fil, uluslararas\u0131 platformlarda da devam etmektedir. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131, Avrupa Konseyi organlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirmeleri ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 hukuk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak koruyan ceza normlar\u0131n\u0131n demokratik toplum bak\u0131m\u0131ndan nas\u0131l yorumlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fmalar ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle TCK m. 299’un gelecekteki uygulamas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca ulusal i\u00e7tihatlarla de\u011fil, uluslararas\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 hukukundaki geli\u015fmelerle de yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

10. S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular<\/span><\/h1>\n

10.1. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmek su\u00e7 mudur?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Hay\u0131r, demek ideal yan\u0131tt\u0131r.. Demokratik toplumlarda kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan ki\u015filerin ele\u015ftirilmesi ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fal bir sonucudur. Ancak ele\u015ftirinin ki\u015fiyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamaya y\u00f6nelik hakaret niteli\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi h\u00e2linde ceza sorumlulu\u011fu g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Her somut olay, kullan\u0131lan ifadeler ve a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc dikkate al\u0131narak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

10.2. Sert siyasi ele\u015ftiri ile hakaret aras\u0131ndaki fark nas\u0131l belirlenir?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bu konuda tek ba\u015f\u0131na belirleyici bir kelime veya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Mahkemeler de\u011ferlendirme yaparken a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n amac\u0131, kamu yarar\u0131na katk\u0131s\u0131, tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu, kullan\u0131lan dil ve ifadelerin ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 birlikte dikkate almaktad\u0131r. Siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan sert ifadeler otomatik olarak hakaret say\u0131lmaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

10.3. Sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u olu\u015fabilir mi?<\/span><\/h3>\n

Evet. \u0130nternet ortam\u0131nda yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar da ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Ancak sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez. Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi, amac\u0131, ba\u011flam\u0131 ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkeleri birlikte de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

10.4. Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sonradan silinmesi davay\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r m\u0131?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Hay\u0131r. Payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n silinmi\u015f olmas\u0131 soru\u015fturman\u0131n kendili\u011finden sona erece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Daha \u00f6nce al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ekran g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, dijital kay\u0131tlar veya di\u011fer deliller soru\u015fturma kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

10.4. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u uzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya tabi midir?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Hay\u0131r. Bu su\u00e7 uzla\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131ndaki su\u00e7lardan de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

10.5. Kamu davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u015fik\u00e2yeti gerekir mi?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Hay\u0131r. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u resen soru\u015fturulur. Bununla birlikte kamu davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in Adalet Bakan\u0131n\u0131n izin vermesi zorunludur.<\/span><\/p>\n

10.6. Eski Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret de TCK m. 299 kapsam\u0131nda m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Hay\u0131r. TCK m. 299 yaln\u0131zca g\u00f6revde bulunan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulan\u0131r. G\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi sona ermi\u015f Cumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik a\u00e7\u0131klamalar, \u015fartlar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015fsa genel hakaret h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

10.7. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unda hapis cezas\u0131 zorunlu mudur?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Kanunda yapt\u0131r\u0131m olarak hapis cezas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ancak somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n ertelenmesi veya k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n adli para cezas\u0131na \u00e7evrilmesi gibi kurumlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

11. Sonu\u00e7 ve Hukuki De\u011ferlendirme<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunun en fazla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemelerinden biri olmaya devam etmektedir. Bunun temel nedeni, bu su\u00e7un yaln\u0131zca bireyin \u015feref ve itibar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin klasik bir hakaret su\u00e7u olmamas\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, siyasi ele\u015ftiri, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeni ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn denetlenmesi gibi anayasal ilkelerle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk hukukunda TCK m. 299 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olup, g\u00f6revde bulunan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret fiilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel bir koruma \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Anayasa Mahkemesi, bu d\u00fczenlemenin Anayasa’ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131na di\u011fer bireylerden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ceza hukuku korumas\u0131 sa\u011flayan d\u00fczenlemeleri ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha s\u0131k\u0131 bir denetime tabi tutmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, ulusal hukuk ile uluslararas\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 hukuku aras\u0131nda devam eden hukuki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda da s\u00fcrece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulamada ise her olay\u0131n kendi \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kullan\u0131lan ifadelerin tek tek incelenmesi yerine a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, kamu yarar\u0131na katk\u0131s\u0131, siyasi ba\u011flam\u0131, kullan\u0131lan \u00fcslup ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkeleri birlikte dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 ifade farkl\u0131 olaylarda farkl\u0131 hukuki sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilece\u011finden, soyut de\u011ferlendirmeler yerine somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine dayal\u0131 hukuki analiz yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle dijital \u00e7a\u011fda sosyal medya platformlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hukuki risklerin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Anl\u0131k tepki niteli\u011finde yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar dahi ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131na konu olabilmekte; bu nedenle bireylerin dijital ortamdaki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131n da hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilece\u011finin bilinmesi \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7unun uygulanmas\u0131nda temel ama\u00e7, bir taraftan ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131 etkili bi\u00e7imde korurken di\u011fer taraftan demokratik toplumun vazge\u00e7ilmez unsurlar\u0131ndan biri olan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc gereksiz ve orant\u0131s\u0131z m\u00fcdahalelerden koruyabilmektir. Hukuk devleti ilkesinin gere\u011fi de bu iki anayasal de\u011ferin her somut olayda adil ve dengeli bi\u00e7imde uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmesidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

11.1. B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk Olarak Nas\u0131l Yard\u0131mc\u0131 Olabiliriz?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin soru\u015fturmalar, yaln\u0131zca ceza hukuku bilgisiyle de\u011fil; anayasal haklar, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, dijital deliller ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi i\u00e7tihad\u0131 konusunda kapsaml\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir. \u00d6zellikle sosyal medya payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na dayanan soru\u015fturmalarda, payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011finin do\u011fru belirlenmesi ve etkili bir savunma stratejisinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 davan\u0131n sonucu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk olarak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturmalarda m\u00fcvekkillerimize hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k ve savunma hizmeti sunuyoruz. Hizmetlerimiz aras\u0131nda soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda hukuki destek verilmesi, ifade ve savunma haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, dijital delillerin incelenmesi, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda temsil, istinaf ve temyiz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ile gerekli \u015fartlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesine yap\u0131lacak bireysel ba\u015fvurulara ili\u015fkin hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Her ceza dosyas\u0131n\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zellikleri bulundu\u011fundan, hukuki de\u011ferlendirme somut olay\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan ki\u015filerin, hak kayb\u0131na u\u011framamak ve etkili bir savunma haz\u0131rlayabilmek amac\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en erken a\u015famada hukuki destek almalar\u0131 \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7u Nedir? Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu‘nun 299. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret fiillerini ayr\u0131 bir su\u00e7 tipi olarak cezaland\u0131ran \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenlemedir. Genel hakaret su\u00e7unu d\u00fczenleyen TCK‘n\u0131n 125. maddesinden farkl\u0131 olarak bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6neltilen hakaretleri daha a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131ma ba\u011flamakta ve kovu\u015fturma yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in Adalet Bakan\u0131n\u0131n iznini zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":31784,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[740,739,793],"tags":[11914,11939,11972,11958,13442,13441,1585,11973,11926,226,11974,11952,11966,11968,2794,11969,11961,9032,2802,2792,11953,170,1584,13443,11964,11960,11951,166,31643,31652,11915,11917,11916,11909,3376,11924,11907,11946,31655,31678,31681,31685,31654,31683,31686,31691,3373,13434,31658,11943,3377,31680,31670,31676,11912,31679,31690,31692,3375,11911,11944,31653,11941,31669,13435,31684,11942,11945,11913,3374,31659,31671,11920,11919,3372,31656,31662,31661,13439,31673,31672,31664,31663,31665,31648,31660,11947,31666,31668,11948,31674,31667,31682,31677,31675,3378,11925,13437,3379,11956,13432,11923,11928,11981,31649,11978,11965,901,31689,13431,13436,13438,11910,11957,11979,11962,264,13422,31687,11922,11976,11918,11940,31642,11932,2788,11963,11982,11967,11971,11970,11921,11935,11937,31646,31644,13444,11980,13433,31688,11929,346,13445,326,13430,31651,13440,31645,11955,31657,8276,31650,11908,11933,902,11977,11949,31647,11954,11938],"class_list":["post-23120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-hukuku","category-gorusler-dusunceler","category-gorusler","tag-adalet-bakanligi-kovusturma-izni","tag-adnan-keskin","tag-ahmet-altan","tag-ahmet-nesin","tag-aihm-ifade-ozgurlugu-kararlari","tag-anayasa-mahkemesi-hakaret-kararlari","tag-asliye-ceza-mahkemesi","tag-atilla-tas","tag-atili-hakaret-sucunun-yasal-unsurlari","tag-avrupa-insan-haklari-mahkemesi","tag-ayfun-talipoglu","tag-aykut-erdogdu","tag-ayse-ozdemir","tag-baris-pehlivan","tag-basin-ozgurlugu","tag-bekir-coskun","tag-berkin-elvanin-annesi","tag-bicak-hukuk-burosu","tag-can-dundar","tag-canan-kaftancioglu","tag-cemal-enginyurt","tag-ceza","tag-ceza-davasi","tag-ceza-hukuku-uzmani-ankara","tag-charlie-hebdo","tag-ciftcinin-anasi-agliyor-diyen-ciftci","tag-cigdem-bayraktar-or","tag-cumhurbaskani","tag-cumhurbaskani-hakaret-adliyeye-sevk","tag-cumhurbaskani-hakaret-savunmasi","tag-cumhurbaskani-onur","tag-cumhurbaskani-sayginlik","tag-cumhurbaskani-seref","tag-cumhurbaskanina-alenen-hakaret","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-iceren-tezahurat","tag-cumhurbaskanina-agir-elestiri","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-adli-kontrol","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-aihm","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-aleniyet","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-anayasa-mahkemesi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-avukati","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-aym","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-beraat","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-ceza-avukati","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-ceza-hukuku","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-cezasi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-davalari","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-davasi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-delil","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-eden-memur","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-elestiri-hakki","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-facebook-paylasimi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-gorevli-mahkeme","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-gozalti","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-hakaret-sayilan-ifadeler","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-hukuk-burosu","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-hukuki-danismanlik","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-icerikli-video","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-iddianame","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-ifade","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-ifade-ozgurlugu","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-ihbar","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-instagram-paylasimi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-ornekleri","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-savunmasi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sikayet","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sorgu","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sorusturma","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sorusturma-sayisi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sorusturmasi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sosyal-medya","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-suclamasi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-suclamasiyla-gozalti","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-cezasi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-nasil-olusur","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-nedir","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-savunma","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-sikayete-tabi-mi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucunda-adalet-bakani-izni","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucunda-elestiri-siniri","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucunda-ifade-ozgurlugu","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucunda-sosyal-medya-paylasimlari","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucunun-cezasi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucunun-unsurlari","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-tutuklama","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-tweet","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-twitter-paylasimi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-uzlasma","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-uzlastirma","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-x-paylasimi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-yargitay-kararlari","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-yetkili-mahkeme","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-zamanasimi","tag-cumhurbaskanina-hakaretten-hukum","tag-cumhur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Hakaret Su\u00e7u ve Cezas\u0131 | B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 hakaret su\u00e7u cezas\u0131 soru\u015fturma yarg\u0131lama Mahkeme Hukuk B\u00fcrosu Avukat ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc protesto \u015f\u00fcpheli dava\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-ve-cezasi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Su\u00e7u ve Cezas\u0131 %\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. 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Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7u, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu'nun 299. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hakaret\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/cumhurbaskanina-hakaret-sucu-ve-cezasi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bicakhukuk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-22T22:02:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-02T22:32:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Cumhurbaskanina-Hakaret-Sucu-ve-Cezasi.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1672\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"941\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Admin\" \/>\n<meta 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mahkemesi\",\"ayfun Talipo\u011flu\",\"Aykut Erdo\u011fdu\",\"Ay\u015fe \u00d6zdemir\",\"Bar\u0131\u015f Pehlivan\",\"bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\",\"Bekir Co\u015fkun\",\"Berkin Elvan'\u0131n annesi\",\"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu\",\"Can D\u00fcndar\",\"Canan Kaftanc\u0131o\u011flu\",\"Cemal Enginyurt\",\"ceza\",\"Ceza Davas\u0131\",\"ceza hukuku uzman\u0131 Ankara\",\"Charlie Hebdo\",\"\u00e7ift\u00e7inin anas\u0131 a\u011fl\u0131yor diyen \u00e7ift\u00e7i\",\"\u00c7i\u011fdem Bayraktar \u00d6r\",\"cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 hakaret adliyeye sevk\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 hakaret savunmas\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 onur\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 sayg\u0131nl\u0131k\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 \u015feref\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131'na alenen hakaret\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131'na hakaret i\u00e7eren tezah\u00fcrat\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftiri\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret adli kontrol\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret A\u0130HM\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret aleniyet\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret Anayasa Mahkemesi\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret avukat\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret AYM\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret beraat\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret ceza avukat\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret ceza hukuku\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Cezas\u0131\",\"cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret davalar\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret davas\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret delil\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na Hakaret Eden Memur\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret ele\u015ftiri hakk\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret Facebook payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret g\u00f6revli mahkeme\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret g\u00f6zalt\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret hakaret say\u0131lan ifadeler\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret hukuk b\u00fcrosu\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret i\u00e7erikli video\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret iddianame\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret ifade\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret ihbar\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret Instagram payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\",\"cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret \u00f6rnekleri\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret savunmas\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret \u015fikayet\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret sorgu\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret soru\u015fturma\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret soru\u015fturma say\u0131s\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret soru\u015fturmas\u0131\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret sosyal medya\",\"Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na hakaret 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