{"id":2430,"date":"2014-08-04T21:15:44","date_gmt":"2014-08-04T18:15:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/bicak-law\/e-ofis\/e-dosya\/"},"modified":"2020-06-27T12:09:52","modified_gmt":"2020-06-27T09:09:52","slug":"e-signature","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/en\/remote-working\/e-signature\/","title":{"rendered":"E-Signature"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Recent decades have witnessed an increasing interest in ensuring the authenticity and confidentiality of electronic communication and electronic commerce. In response to the rapid growth of electronic commerce, as well as the wide-spread use of email, fax, and online resources in the negotiation of contracts, Turkey has enacted a statute dealing directly with electronic signatures, namely E-Signature Law No. 5070 (the \u201cLaw\u201d, Published in the Official Gazette on 14 Oct. 2004, No. 253551, adopted 15 Jan. 2004).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Security<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">EIK addresses the security of electronic signatures in depth through imposing liability on Digital Certificate Service Providers (hereinafter Providers) and through detailing the technical requirements for an electronic signature to be secure enough to be valid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Art. 5 of EIK provides that \u201ca secured electronic signature has the same effect as a handwritten signature.\u201d Therefore, agreements signed with non-secured electronic signatures are not enforceable under EIK.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">EIK defines a secured electronic signature as, \u201ca signature which<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">is connected exclusively to the signatory;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">is generated by a tool to create a secure electronic signature only at the discretion of the signatory;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">allows for the detection of the signatory through a digital certificate; and<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">allows for the detection of any subsequent changes to the signed electronic data.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Digital certificate<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">EIK Art. 4. EIK also defines a digital certificate as, \u201can electronic registration linking data of the signatory verifying the signature to the signatory\u2019s identification information.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">EIK further requires the presence of a time stamp in the electronic signature. EIK Art. 3, Para. f. A time stamp is defined as, \u201ca registration verified by the digital certificate service provider for the purpose of identifying the time that the electronic data was produced, changed, sent, received or recorded.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Authenticity<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">EIK&#8217;s system not only provides technical specifications for the enforceability of electronic signatures, but provides a requirement for ensuring the authenticity of the signature through the digital certificate requirement. Digital certificates must themselves reach a minimum level of security and provide for authentication and verification in order to be \u201cqualified digital certificates.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Non-qualified digital certificates cannot be used in the electronic signature process, and there are ten conditions for a digital certificate to be a qualified digital certificate. EIK Art. 9. They include that the certificate must contain, \u201cdata to verify the signature corresponding to the data generating the signature\u201d (EIK Art. 9, Para. d), \u201cidentification information to be able to determine the Signatory\u201d (EIK Art. 9, Para. c), and \u201cidentification information for any separate person acting on behalf of the Certificate holder, if necessary\u201d (EIK Art. 9, Para. 5), and the certificate\u2019s serial number.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Digital certificates<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The regulation clarifies that qualified digital certificates comply with ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) profiles, namely the ETSI TS 101 862 Certificate Profile. BTIK 2006\/DK-77\/207, Annex, Art. 4. The regulation further provides that, \u201cthe keys of certificates given must be compatible with the size of the key and algorithm found in communiqu\u00e9 3\u201d [a public key authentication protocol].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">In addition to laying out the technical specifications for a valid electronic signature, EIK imposes liability on Providers. EIK Art. 13. EIK defines &#8216;Providers&#8217; broadly as \u201cpublic institutions and establishments, and natural or private legal persons who provide services related to electronic signatures, time stamps, and digital certificates. EIK Art. 8. Providers are liable to users of digital certificates under existing principles of liability. EIK Art. 13. Providers are also liable to third parties for damages arising from the breach of the provisions of this law.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Foreign Providers<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Foreign Providers can also provide digital certificates for use in Turkey, however, liability then extends to the Providers in Turkey who accept such digital certificates. EIK Art. 14. EIK provides, \u201cWhere digital certificates given by a digital certificate service provider situated in a foreign country are accepted by a digital certificate service provider in Turkey, said digital certificates are considered qualified digital certificates. The digital certificate service provider in Turkey is liable for losses arising as a result of using these digital certificates.\u201d EIK Art. 14. Providers must also take out insurance policies against damages arising from the law, or to fulfill their obligations under the law. EIK Art. 13.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">e-State<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Aside from EIK, the Turkish Government has put in place e-Devlet (e-State), a web-based service that allows citizens to access necessary data, documents, and records and report issues and submit documents securely online. This platform functions as a sort of electronic signature for the purposes of dealing with government organizations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The system is run by the state-owned company T\u00fcrksat Uydu Haberle\u015fme Kablo TV ve \u0130\u015fletme, A.\u015e. (Turksat), which is responsible for maintaining adequate security.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The e-signature may be defined as a string of electronic data used to identify the producer of an electronic<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">document; in much the same way as a hand-written signature identifies an individual.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recent decades have witnessed an increasing interest in ensuring the authenticity and confidentiality of electronic communication and electronic commerce. In response to the rapid growth of electronic commerce, as well as the wide-spread use of email, fax, and online resources in the negotiation of contracts, Turkey has enacted a statute dealing directly with electronic signatures, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2429,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"#ffffff","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2430","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>E-Signature | B\u0131\u00e7ak Law Firm + Attorneys at Law + Partners<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The rapid growth of e-commerce, as well as the wide-spread use of email, fax, and online resources in the negotiation of contracts lead 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Uluslararas\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel ve ulusal hukuka ili\u015fkin inceleme, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve tecr\u00fcbeye dayal\u0131 hukuk hizmetlerimizi sunarken teknolojinin imkan sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rsel (video konferans) veya i\u015fitsel (sesli konferans) ileti\u015fim teknolojilerinin elverdi\u011fi t\u00fcm olanaklar\u0131 kullanmaktay\u0131z. Dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131m\u0131z veya m\u00fcvekkillerimiz, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n, b\u00f6lgemizin veya \u00fclkemizin neresinde olurlarsa olsunlar hizmetlerimizden uzaktan eri\u015fim yoluyla yararlanabilmektedir. Muhtemel ihtilaflar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek veya en aza indirmek gayesiyle m\u00fcvekkillerimize sundu\u011fumuz dinamik, etkili ve \u00f6nleyici dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k hizmetlerimizin yan\u0131nda, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde arabuluculuk, tahkim veya mahkemelerde dava takibi hizmetleri de sunmaktay\u0131z. Ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131, do\u011fru bilgiye h\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015fimdir. M\u00fcvekkil ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 tam ve eksiksiz tan\u0131mlayarak y\u00fcksek standartlarda, kaliteli, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7 odakl\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 benimsemi\u015f bulunuyoruz. 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