{"id":29555,"date":"2025-10-27T14:03:57","date_gmt":"2025-10-27T11:03:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=29555"},"modified":"2025-10-28T14:50:24","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T11:50:24","slug":"siyasal-casusluk-sucu-ve-cezasi-imamoglu-olayi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/siyasal-casusluk-sucu-ve-cezasi-imamoglu-olayi\/","title":{"rendered":"Siyasal Casusluk Su\u00e7u ve Cezas\u0131: \u0130mamo\u011flu Olay\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk, devletlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan en eski su\u00e7 tiplerinden biridir. Tarih boyunca siyas\u00ee, asker\u00ee, ekonomik ve teknolojik alanlarda gizli bilgi elde etme \u00e7abas\u0131, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik hukukunun temel kayg\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise klasik casusluk y\u00f6ntemleri yerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dijital ara\u00e7lara, siber istihbarat faaliyetlerine ve yapay zek\u00e2 destekli veri analiz tekniklerine b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, \u00f6zellikle devlet s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve bilgi g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ceza hukuku d\u00fczenlemelerini daha karma\u015f\u0131k h\u00e2le getirmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"1351\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu<\/a>\u2019nun ikinci kitab\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u201c<em>Devlet S\u0131rlar\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar ve Casusluk<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yer alan d\u00fczenlemeler, devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin bilgilerin temini, a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 veya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6neliktir. Bu kapsamda, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.328 \u201c<em>Siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk<\/em>\u201d su\u00e7unu tan\u0131mlayarak, gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken bilgilerin siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk maksad\u0131yla temin edilmesini 15 y\u0131ldan 20 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile yapt\u0131r\u0131ma ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1353\" data-end=\"1756\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu makalenin amac\u0131, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.328\u2019in unsurlar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle \u201ctemin\u201d fiili ve \u201ccasusluk kast\u0131\u201dn\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131, Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi 2014\/7360, 3. Ceza Dairesi 2024\/2320 ve 3. Ceza Dairesi 2025\/5971 say\u0131l\u0131 kararlar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda analiz etmek; ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcncel geli\u015fmeler ba\u011flam\u0131nda, Ekrem \u0130mamo\u011flu\u2013H\u00fcseyin G\u00fcn casusluk soru\u015fturmas\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi \u00fczerinden uygulamadaki yans\u0131malar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1758\" data-end=\"2090\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu inceleme, hem i\u00e7tihat farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hem de dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yeni casusluk bi\u00e7imlerini hukuk\u00ee bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde ele almay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle, maddenin hem maddi hem de manevi unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bi\u00e7imde uygulanabilmesi ve benzer vakalarda yarg\u0131sal yeknesakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2097\" data-end=\"2121\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yasal \u00c7er\u00e7eve<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2375\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu<\/a>\u2019nda devlet s\u0131rlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, 326 ila 339. maddeler aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f siyasal yararlar\u0131, mill\u00ee savunma kabiliyeti ve uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerdeki menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 esas al\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2715\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu ba\u011flamda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.327 \u201c<em>Devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin bilgileri temin etme<\/em>\u201d su\u00e7unu, TCK m.328 ise ayn\u0131 fiilin siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk maksad\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesini ayr\u0131 bir su\u00e7 tipi olarak d\u00fczenler. B\u00f6ylece kanun koyucu, s\u0131radan bilgi temininden casusluk ama\u00e7l\u0131 bilgi teminini ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve daha a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131ma tabi tutmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2717\" data-end=\"2757\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">TCK m.328\u2019in birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u201c<em>Devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya i\u00e7 veya d\u0131\u015f siyasal yararlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, niteli\u011fi itibar\u0131yla, gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken bilgileri, siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk maksad\u0131yla temin eden kimseye onbe\u015f y\u0131ldan yirmi y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 verilir.<\/em>\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2996\" data-end=\"3120\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0130kinci f\u0131krada ise sava\u015f h\u00e2li veya d\u00fc\u015fman devlet yarar\u0131na i\u015flenme gibi durumlar a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 neden olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2996\" data-end=\"3120\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Madde, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 26. ve 28. maddelerinde yer alan \u201cdevlet s\u0131rr\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131yla da ili\u015fkilidir. Anayasa, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klama ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlerken, \u201c<em>devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 olarak usul\u00fcnce belirtilmi\u015f bilgilerin a\u00e7\u0131klanmamas\u0131<\/em>\u201d zorunlulu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu anayasal s\u0131n\u0131r, TCK m.328\u2019in me\u015fruiyet temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3466\" data-end=\"3808\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ayr\u0131ca <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu<\/a>\u2019nun 47. maddesi, a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde devletin d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerine veya mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fine zarar verebilecek bilgileri \u201cdevlet s\u0131rr\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. CMK 125. maddeye g\u00f6re, devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 niteli\u011findeki belgeler mahkemeye kar\u015f\u0131 gizli tutulamaz; ancak yaln\u0131zca h\u00e2kim veya mahkeme heyeti bu belgeleri inceleyebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3810\" data-end=\"4264\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bunun yan\u0131nda, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4982&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bilgi Edinme Hakk\u0131 Kanunu<\/a>\u2019nun 16. ve 18. maddeleri de devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamakta ve gizlilik derecelerini belirlemektedir. Bu d\u00fczenlemeler birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.328\u2019in konusunu olu\u015fturan \u201c<em>gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken bilgi<\/em>\u201d, yaln\u0131zca idar\u00ee tasarrufla gizli say\u0131lan veriler de\u011fil, \u00f6z\u00fcnde devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde \u00fclkenin menfaatlerini tehlikeye sokacak nitelikteki bilgilerdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4266\" data-end=\"4497\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, maddenin uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in bilgi veya belgenin s\u0131r vasf\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu vasf\u0131n belirlenmesi, her somut olayda yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131n\u0131n takdirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olup, gere\u011finde bilirki\u015fi incelemesiyle desteklenebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Korunan Hukuki De\u011fer ve Su\u00e7un Konusu<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"191\" data-end=\"533\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk su\u00e7unun korudu\u011fu temel hukuki de\u011fer, devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, mill\u00ee savunma kapasitesi ve i\u00e7 veya d\u0131\u015f siyasal yararlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferler, devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerdeki konumunu do\u011frudan etkiledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, kanun koyucu taraf\u0131ndan en y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"535\" data-end=\"1006\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u201cDevletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u201d kavram\u0131, yaln\u0131zca fizik\u00ee sald\u0131r\u0131 veya sava\u015f tehditlerini de\u011fil, devletin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, diplomatik ili\u015fkilerini, ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ve stratejik planlar\u0131n\u0131 da kapsar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ilgilendiren bir bilginin yetkisiz ki\u015filerce temin edilmesi, a\u00e7\u0131klanmasa dahi, s\u0131rf temin fiiliyle devletin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye sokabilir. Bu nedenle, maddenin yap\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi, tehlike su\u00e7u niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r; zarar\u0131n fiilen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi aranmaz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1253\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Su\u00e7un konusunu, \u201c<em>niteli\u011fi itibar\u0131yla gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken bilgiler<\/em>\u201d olu\u015fturur. Bu ifade, hem \u201c<em>\u00f6z\u00fcnde devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 olan bilgileri<\/em>\u201d hem de \u201c<em>yetkili makamlarca gizli tutulmas\u0131 gereken<\/em>\u201d bilgileri kapsar. Burada iki ayr\u0131 d\u00fczeyden s\u00f6z edilebilir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00d6z\u00fcnde devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 olan bilgiler<\/strong>: <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu bilgiler, a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerinin do\u011frudan zarar g\u00f6rece\u011fi, mill\u00ee savunma, istihbarat, diplomasi, teknoloji ve enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fi gibi alanlara ili\u015fkin verilerdir. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda \u201c\u00f6z\u00fcnde devlet s\u0131rr\u0131\u201d niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan bilgilere \u00f6rnek olarak, asker\u00ee planlar, savunma sanayi projeleri, g\u00fcvenlik te\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n personel bilgileri veya yabanc\u0131 devletlerle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen gizli diplomatik temaslara ili\u015fkin veriler g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1777\" data-end=\"2106\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Yetkili makamlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler<\/strong>: <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu t\u00fcr bilgiler, \u00f6z\u00fcnde devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 olmasa bile, devlet menfaatleri gere\u011fi gizli tutulmas\u0131 zorunlu g\u00f6r\u00fclen verilerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, g\u00fcvenlik soru\u015fturmas\u0131 belgeleri, operasyon planlar\u0131, teknik istihbarat kay\u0131tlar\u0131 veya hassas diplomatik yaz\u0131\u015fmalar bu kapsama girebilir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2108\" data-end=\"2574\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n yerle\u015fik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, bilginin \u201cgizli kalmas\u0131 gereken\u201d nitelikte olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, soyut bir kabulle de\u011fil, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde belirlenmelidir. Bu tespit, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman idari kurumlar\u0131n gizlilik derecelendirmesiyle birlikte de\u011ferlendirilir; ancak nihai karar merci daima mahkemedir. Zira <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> m.125 uyar\u0131nca, devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia edilen belgeler mahkemeden saklanamaz, fakat yaln\u0131zca h\u00e2kim veya heyet taraf\u0131ndan incelenebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2576\" data-end=\"3107\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun konusunu olu\u015fturan bilgi veya belgenin ger\u00e7ek, do\u011fru ve hen\u00fcz gizlilik niteli\u011fini yitirmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f veya art\u0131k devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f veriler, s\u0131r vasf\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Bu durum, Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesinin 2014\/7360 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Daire, casusluk su\u00e7unun olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in bilginin \u201c<em>ger\u00e7ek ve do\u011fru olmas\u0131, gizlilik niteli\u011fini kaybetmemi\u015f bulunmas\u0131 ve devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gizli kalmas\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fi<\/em>\u201d ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3109\" data-end=\"3563\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6te yandan, 3. Ceza Dairesinin 2024\/2320 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda, dijital ortamda elde edilen ki\u015fisel verilerin de casusluk su\u00e7unun konusunu olu\u015fturabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu kararda, \u00c7in istihbarat\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia edilen san\u0131klar\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Uygur as\u0131ll\u0131 ki\u015filerin kimlik, adres ve ileti\u015fim bilgilerini temin etmeleri \u201c<em>devletin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f siyasal yararlar\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye sokacak nitelikte bilgi temini<\/em>\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3565\" data-end=\"3911\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu i\u00e7tihat, casusluk su\u00e7unun art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca asker\u00ee belgeler veya devlet kurumlar\u0131ndaki gizli dosyalarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ki\u015fisel veri, dijital i\u00e7erik ve ileti\u015fim kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n da devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle ili\u015fkili hale gelebilece\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, klasik \u201cbelge temini\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bilgi g\u00fcvenli\u011fi perspektifine evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3913\" data-end=\"4353\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sonu\u00e7 olarak, su\u00e7un konusu yaln\u0131zca devlet ar\u015fivlerinde bulunan fiziksel belgeler de\u011fil; elektronik veriler, dijital yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, istihbarat raporlar\u0131, g\u00fcvenlik kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve bunlara ili\u015fkin teknik altyap\u0131 bilgilerini de kapsar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, casusluk su\u00e7unun alan\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde siber casusluk faaliyetleriyle geni\u015flemi\u015f; bilgi temin bi\u00e7imleri \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015f; ancak korunan hukuki de\u011fer &#8211; devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve siyasal menfaati &#8211; de\u011fi\u015fmeden kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Maddi Unsur: \u201cTemin\u201d ile Su\u00e7un Tamamlanmas\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Maddenin a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fckm\u00fc gere\u011fince, su\u00e7un maddi unsurunu gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken bilgilerin temin edilmesi olu\u015fturur. Temin, yaln\u0131zca fiziki bir belgenin ele ge\u00e7irilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmez; bilginin herhangi bir yolla \u00f6\u011frenilmesi, elde edilmesi veya eri\u015filebilir h\u00e2le getirilmesi de yeterlidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu kapsamda, bilgiyi i\u00e7eren belgenin ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, bilginin kopyalanmas\u0131, kaydedilmesi, dijital ortamda aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da elektronik ileti\u015fim yoluyla elde edilmesi temin fiilinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Su\u00e7un tamamlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu bilginin ba\u015fka bir kimseye verilmesi veya a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 gerekmez. Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2024\/2320 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, \u201c<em>su\u00e7, s\u0131r olan bilginin temin edilmesiyle tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olur<\/em>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay 1. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 24.02.1940 tarihli 828\/477 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda, bilginin \u201c<em>tesad\u00fcfen de\u011fil, casusluk kast\u0131yla gayret ve mesai sarf edilerek elde edilmesi<\/em>\u201d gerekti\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, failin pasif \u015fekilde bilgiye rastlamas\u0131ndan ziyade, bilin\u00e7li bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, toplama veya elde etme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aramaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Maddi unsur y\u00f6n\u00fcnden dikkat edilmesi gereken bir di\u011fer husus, bilginin ger\u00e7ek ve do\u011fru olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmayan, yanl\u0131\u015f veya uydurma bilgiler casusluk su\u00e7unun konusunu olu\u015fturmaz. Ayr\u0131ca bilginin gizlilik niteli\u011fini kaybetmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k hale gelen veya bas\u0131nda yer alan bilgiler art\u0131k s\u0131r olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in casusluk su\u00e7unun konusunu te\u015fkil etmez.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2014\/7360 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda, casusluk su\u00e7unun olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in sekiz temel kriter belirlenmi\u015ftir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilginin ger\u00e7ek ve do\u011fru olmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Gizlilik niteli\u011fini kaybetmemi\u015f olmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya siyasal yarar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gizli kalmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk maksad\u0131yla temin edilmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bir \u00e7aba sonucunda elde edilmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yabanc\u0131 bir devlet yarar\u0131na olmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti\u2019nin zarar\u0131na olmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Lehine casusluk yap\u0131lan devletle bir anla\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ancak 3. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2024\/2320 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda, bu kriterlerden \u201c<em>yabanc\u0131 devletle anla\u015fma \u015fart\u0131<\/em>\u201d yumu\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve modern casusluk bi\u00e7imleri dikkate al\u0131narak, failin herhangi bir \u00fclkeyle \u00f6nceden anla\u015fma yapmam\u0131\u015f olsa dahi, bir yabanc\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct veya yap\u0131 lehine hareket etmesinin yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geni\u015fletici bir yorum benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u00f6ylece, klasik casuslukta oldu\u011fu gibi diplomatik ili\u015fkiler veya fiziksel belge aktar\u0131m\u0131 yerine, dijital ortamda veri toplama, s\u0131zd\u0131rma veya analiz etme faaliyetleri de \u201ctemin\u201d fiili kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle H\u00fcseyin G\u00fcn \u2013 Ekrem \u0130mamo\u011flu soru\u015fturmas\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme gelen \u201cyaz\u0131\u015fma analizi\u201d iddias\u0131, bilginin klasik anlamda ele ge\u00e7irilmeden dahi temin edilebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Manevi Unsur: \u00d6zel Kast (Casusluk Maksad\u0131)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun manevi unsuru, yaln\u0131zca genel kastla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir; failin \u00f6zel bir ama\u00e7la, yani siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk maksad\u0131yla hareket etmesi gerekir. Bu unsur, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.327\u2019deki genel bilgi temin su\u00e7undan m.328\u2019deki casusluk su\u00e7unu ay\u0131ran temel kriterdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk kast\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman do\u011frudan de\u011fil, dolayl\u0131 delillerle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Failin niyetini ve amac\u0131 d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yans\u0131tan olgular aras\u0131nda \u015funlar say\u0131labilir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilginin elde edilme y\u00f6ntemi (gizlilik, \u015fifreleme, gizli ileti\u015fim kanallar\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilgilerin temin edildi\u011fi zaman (siyasi gerilim, se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemi, d\u0131\u015f kriz zaman\u0131),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilgilerin niteli\u011fi (devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin olmas\u0131),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Failin ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 (yabanc\u0131 ki\u015fi, kurulu\u015f veya \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle temas),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Maddi \u00e7\u0131kar veya ideolojik saik bulunmas\u0131.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2014 tarihli karar\u0131nda casusluk kast\u0131n\u0131n ancak \u201c<em>yabanc\u0131 bir devlet yarar\u0131na ve T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti aleyhine<\/em>\u201d hareket edilmesi halinde var olaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f; Askeri Yarg\u0131tay Daireler Kurulu\u2019nun 02.10.1997 tarihli karar\u0131nda ise casusluk kast\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201c<em>casus ile lehine casusluk yap\u0131lan devlet aras\u0131nda bir anla\u015fma<\/em>\u201d aranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ancak daha yeni tarihli i\u00e7tihatlarda bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f esnetilmi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle 3. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2024\/2320 K. karar\u0131nda \u201c<em>fail, herhangi bir \u00fclke ya da organizasyonla anla\u015fma yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n bilgi ve belgeleri temin edip sonradan belirleyebilece\u011fi bir devlete servis edebilir<\/em>\u201d denilerek, modern casusluk bi\u00e7imleriyle uyumlu bir yorum benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu do\u011frultuda, casusluk kast\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde art\u0131k \u201cresm\u00ee anla\u015fma\u201d de\u011fil, failin yabanc\u0131 yap\u0131 veya g\u00fc\u00e7 lehine hareket etti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki olgusal deliller yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, dijital \u00e7a\u011fda s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi casusluk faaliyetlerinin esnek ve karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131sal a\u00e7\u0131dan daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i \u015fekilde kavramaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Manevi unsur y\u00f6n\u00fcnden bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli husus, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve ideolojik motivasyonun rol\u00fcd\u00fcr. 3. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2025\/5971 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda, failin \u00f6rg\u00fct mensubiyeti ve gizli ileti\u015fim y\u00f6ntemlerini kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n casusluk kast\u0131na delalet edebilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, karar ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201c<em>delil yetersizli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d ve \u201c<em>\u00e7ifte yarg\u0131lama yasa\u011f\u0131 (ne bis in idem)<\/em>\u201d ilkelerine vurgu yaparak, \u00f6zel kast\u0131n yaln\u0131zca varsay\u0131m yoluyla ispat edilemeyece\u011fini, somut verilerle desteklenmesi gerekti\u011fini de vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla, casusluk su\u00e7unun manevi unsuru iki a\u015famal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme gerektirir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Failin bilgiyi gizli oldu\u011funu bilerek temin etmesi (bilin\u00e7li kast),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu bilgiyi yabanc\u0131 devlet veya yap\u0131 lehine, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin zarar\u0131na temin etme amac\u0131 (\u00f6zel kast).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Her iki unsurun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ispat edilmeden mahk\u00fbmiyet kurulamaz. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle madde, hem geni\u015f yorum tehlikesine hem de \u00f6zel kast\u0131n ispat\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131k bir h\u00fck\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Bu nedenle Yarg\u0131tay, casusluk kast\u0131n\u0131n \u201c<em>ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131kar, ideolojik ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k veya \u00f6rg\u00fctsel g\u00f6rev bilinci<\/em>\u201d ile somut ba\u011flant\u0131larla kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131n\u0131 aramaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0130\u00e7tihatlarla Unsurlar\u0131n \u0130n\u015fas\u0131\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">9. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2014\/7360 Karar\u0131: Klasik Casusluk Modeli<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2014 tarihli bu karar\u0131, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.327 ve m.328\u2019in ayr\u0131m \u00e7izgisini belirlemesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 niteli\u011findedir. Daire, casusluk su\u00e7unun olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca bilginin gizli olmas\u0131n\u0131n yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, failin siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk maksad\u0131yla hareket etti\u011finin somut delillerle ortaya konulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kararda, 328. maddenin 327. maddeden fark\u0131 olarak, \u201c<em>yabanc\u0131 bir devlet yarar\u0131na hareket<\/em>\u201d unsuruna dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015f; bu ba\u011flamda su\u00e7un olu\u015fumu i\u00e7in sekiz ko\u015ful s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilginin ger\u00e7ek ve do\u011fru olmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilginin gizlilik niteli\u011fini kaybetmemesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya i\u00e7\/d\u0131\u015f siyasal yararlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gizli kalmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk maksad\u0131yla temin edilmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Teminin bir \u00e7aba sonucunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yabanc\u0131 bir devlet yarar\u0131na temin edilmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti\u2019nin zarar\u0131na sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Lehine casusluk yap\u0131lan devletle bir anla\u015fma veya ba\u011flant\u0131 bulunmas\u0131.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu karar, \u201c<em>yabanc\u0131 devlet yarar\u0131na<\/em>\u201d unsurunu mutlak ko\u015ful olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f ve casusluk kast\u0131n\u0131 \u201c<em>yabanc\u0131 bir devletin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya y\u00f6nelik hareket<\/em>\u201d ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, Asker\u00ee Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n 1942 ve 1997 tarihli kararlar\u0131na at\u0131f yap\u0131larak, casusluk fiilinin \u201c<em>bir anla\u015fma \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi<\/em>\u201d gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede 2014 karar\u0131, klasik casusluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f; do\u011frudan devletler aras\u0131 bilgi aktar\u0131m\u0131 veya d\u00fc\u015fman devlet lehine hareket tarz\u0131n\u0131 esas alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak karar\u0131n bu yorumu, dijital \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z akt\u00f6rler\u201d veya \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fct temelli istihbarat toplama\u201d vakalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a dar kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2024\/2320 Karar\u0131: Modern Casusluk ve Dijital Faaliyetler<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2024 tarihli bu karar, casusluk su\u00e7unun dijital \u00e7a\u011f ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyarlanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Dosya konusu olayda, \u00c7in istihbarat\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia edilen san\u0131klar\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Uygur k\u00f6kenli \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n kimlik, adres ve \u00f6zel ya\u015fam bilgilerini toplayarak \u00c7in makamlar\u0131na ilettikleri ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi, san\u0131klar\u0131n dijital ara\u00e7larla toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fisel bilgileri \u201c<em>devletin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f siyasal yararlar\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye sokabilecek nitelikte gizli bilgiler<\/em>\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle, ilk kez ki\u015fisel veri mahiyetindeki bilgilerin de casusluk su\u00e7unun konusunu olu\u015fturabilece\u011fini kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kararda, casusluk su\u00e7unun maddi unsuruna ili\u015fkin \u015fu tespit yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u201c<em>Bilginin temini i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan vas\u0131tan\u0131n \u00f6nemi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bilgiyi i\u00e7eren belgenin elde edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 veya ba\u015fkas\u0131na verilmesi \u015fart de\u011fildir; su\u00e7, gizli bilginin temin edilmesiyle tamamlan\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">B\u00f6ylece, \u201ctemin\u201d fiilinin kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletilerek, dijital eri\u015fim, veri aktar\u0131m\u0131, kamera kayd\u0131 veya ileti\u015fim yoluyla elde etme bi\u00e7imleri de su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131na d\u00e2hil edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Manevi unsur bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise Daire, 2014 i\u00e7tihad\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak, casusluk kast\u0131 i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 bir devletle \u00f6nceden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u201canla\u015fma\u201dy\u0131 aramam\u0131\u015f; failin \u201c<em>yabanc\u0131 bir yap\u0131 veya organizasyon lehine hareket etmesinin<\/em>\u201d yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yorum, uluslararas\u0131 istihbarat a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde devletten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6rg\u00fctsel yap\u0131larla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7e\u011fini dikkate alan modern bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kararda ayr\u0131ca, devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 kavram\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ayr\u0131ma tabi tutulmu\u015ftur:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6z\u00fcnde devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 olan bilgiler,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yetkili makamlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0130dari kurumlar\u0131n gizli tuttu\u011fu bilgiler.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu ayr\u0131m, casusluk su\u00e7unun yaln\u0131zca asker\u00ee belgelerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n sivil nitelikli gizli belgelerinin de su\u00e7un konusuna d\u00e2hil olabilece\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sonu\u00e7 olarak, 2024 karar\u0131yla birlikte casusluk su\u00e7unun dijital ve \u00f6rg\u00fctsel boyutu yarg\u0131sal olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n teknolojik ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2025\/5971 Karar\u0131: Usul S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve Kanun Yarar\u0131na Bozma<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu karar, esasen casusluk su\u00e7unun maddi unsurlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, usul boyutunu ilgilendirmektedir. Daire, siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk su\u00e7undan verilen beraat karar\u0131n\u0131n \u201ckanun yarar\u0131na bozma\u201d yoluyla denetlenemeyece\u011fine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Olayda, san\u0131k FET\u00d6\/PDY \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn M\u0130T i\u00e7indeki yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na mensup olmakla su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f; casusluk su\u00e7undan beraat, \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyeli\u011finden ise mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Karar kesinle\u015ftikten sonra M\u0130T taraf\u0131ndan yeni deliller sunulmu\u015f ve Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanun yarar\u0131na bozma isteminde bulunmu\u015ftur. Ancak Yarg\u0131tay, \u015fu gerek\u00e7eyle talebi reddetmi\u015ftir: <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u201c<em>Kesinle\u015fen h\u00fck\u00fcmde yeni delillerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, ancak yarg\u0131laman\u0131n yenilenmesini gerektirebilir; kanun yarar\u0131na bozma talebinin konusu olamaz.<\/em>\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Daire ayr\u0131ca, \u00e7ifte yarg\u0131lama yasa\u011f\u0131 (ne bis in idem) ilkesine at\u0131f yaparak, bir ki\u015finin ayn\u0131 fiilden dolay\u0131 ayn\u0131 egemenlik alan\u0131nda iki kez yarg\u0131lanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle karar, casusluk su\u00e7unun yarg\u0131sal g\u00fcvenceler ve hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ilkeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu i\u00e7tihad\u0131n pratik sonucu, casusluk su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin soru\u015fturmalarda elde edilen yeni delillerin do\u011frudan kanun yarar\u0131na bozma konusu yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca yarg\u0131laman\u0131n yenilenmesi s\u00fcreciyle de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fidir. B\u00f6ylece, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.328 kapsam\u0131ndaki davalarda kesin h\u00fckm\u00fcn istikrar\u0131 ilkesi bir kez daha teyit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n Ortak Noktalar\u0131 ve Y\u00f6nelim<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu \u00fc\u00e7 karar birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, T\u00fcrk yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n casusluk su\u00e7una yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 evre g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Klasik d\u00f6nem (2014): Casusluk yaln\u0131zca devletler aras\u0131 bilgi aktar\u0131m\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, yabanc\u0131 devletle ili\u015fki ve anla\u015fma \u015fart\u0131 aranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Modern d\u00f6nem (2024): Casusluk kast\u0131 daha geni\u015f yorumlanm\u0131\u015f, dijital bilgi temini ve \u00f6rg\u00fctsel hareketler su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Usul\u00ee d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 (2025): Delil tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama a\u015famas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanm\u0131\u015f, hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve ne bis in idem ilkeleri \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu geli\u015fmeler, casusluk su\u00e7unun i\u00e7eri\u011finin hem maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan geni\u015fledi\u011fini, hem de usul\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan s\u0131k\u0131 denetime tabi tutuldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde casusluk art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca fiziksel belge teminiyle de\u011fil, dijital eri\u015fim, siber sald\u0131r\u0131, veri s\u0131zd\u0131rma veya \u00f6zel yaz\u0131\u015fma analizi gibi y\u00f6ntemlerle de i\u015flenebilir hale gelmi\u015ftir. Ancak buna ra\u011fmen, yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 \u00f6zel kast\u0131n ispat\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 y\u00fcksek bir delil standard\u0131 aramakta, varsay\u0131mlara dayal\u0131 mahk\u00fbmiyetlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0130spat ve Delil Standard\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun niteli\u011fi gere\u011fi, gizli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen faaliyetlere dayanmas\u0131 nedeniyle do\u011frudan delillerin bulunmas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, mahkemeler genellikle dolayl\u0131 delillerden, failin davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminden, ili\u015fkilerinden ve elde etti\u011fi verilerin niteli\u011finden hareketle sonuca ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu durum, su\u00e7un \u00f6zel kast gerektiren yap\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ciddi ispat sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getirmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Delillerin Niteli\u011fi ve Kabul Edilebilirlik \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unda deliller genellikle dijital nitelikte olur: e-posta kay\u0131tlar\u0131, \u015fifreli mesajla\u015fmalar, veri transfer loglar\u0131, gizli kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131, hard diskler, cep telefonu i\u00e7erikleri veya bulut depolama dosyalar\u0131. Bu t\u00fcr delillerin hukuka uygun bi\u00e7imde elde edilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> m.134 uyar\u0131nca yap\u0131lan dijital incelemelerde usule uygun arama, kopyalama ve imaj alma i\u015flemleri yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, elde edilen veriler hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 delil say\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu durumda, delil olarak kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 Anayasa m.38\/6 ve A\u0130HS m.6\/1 uyar\u0131nca a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n casusluk davalar\u0131ndaki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da bu y\u00f6ndedir. 3. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2025\/5971 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda, \u201c<em>yarg\u0131lama a\u015famas\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayan veya sonradan dosyaya giren delillerin<\/em>\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc etkileyemeyece\u011fi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu durumun adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 ve \u00e7ifte yarg\u0131lama yasa\u011f\u0131 (ne bis in idem) ilkeleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131 vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu karar, delil de\u011ferlendirmesinin yaln\u0131zca yarg\u0131lama evresinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan unsurlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011funu teyit eder niteliktedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ayr\u0131ca, delil niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan belgelerin \u201cdevlet s\u0131rr\u0131\u201d kapsam\u0131nda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00f6nemlidir. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> m.125 uyar\u0131nca, devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen belgeler yaln\u0131zca mahkeme heyeti taraf\u0131ndan incelenebilir; taraflara a\u00e7\u0131klanmaz, ancak i\u00e7eri\u011fi tutana\u011fa \u00f6zetlenerek kaydedilir. Bu mekanizma, bir yandan devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korurken, di\u011fer yandan savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlama riski do\u011furur. Bu nedenle h\u00e2kimin, devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 gerek\u00e7esinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk Kast\u0131n\u0131n \u0130spat\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun en zor ispat unsuru, failin \u00f6zel kast\u0131d\u0131r. Failin bilgi temin etme eyleminin \u201cyabanc\u0131 devlet veya yap\u0131 yarar\u0131na\u201d ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011finin somut g\u00f6stergelerle kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gerekir. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, casusluk kast\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fu t\u00fcr delillerle ortaya konulabilir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yabanc\u0131 ki\u015fi veya kurulu\u015flarla gizli ileti\u015fim trafi\u011fi (\u00f6r. \u015fifreli mesajla\u015fma uygulamalar\u0131),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Maddi menfaat temin edilmesi veya vaat edilmesi,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilgilerin gizlilik derecesine ra\u011fmen kopyalanmas\u0131 veya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Failin gizli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerle organik ba\u011f\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilginin temin edilme zaman\u0131 ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fu,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Eylemlerin s\u00fcreklilik ve sistematiklik arz etmesi.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6rne\u011fin 2024\/2320 say\u0131l\u0131 karar, \u00c7in istihbarat\u0131n\u0131n talimatlar\u0131yla hareket eden san\u0131klar\u0131n \u201c<em>sistematik bi\u00e7imde ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 izlemeleri ve ki\u015fisel verilerini toplamalar\u0131<\/em>\u201d fiilini casusluk kast\u0131na delil olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 2025\/5971 say\u0131l\u0131 karar, yaln\u0131zca \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyeli\u011fi veya ge\u00e7mi\u015f ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n casusluk kast\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmeye yeterli olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, somut temin fiiliyle ba\u011flant\u0131 kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, failin niyeti do\u011frudan beyanla ortaya konulam\u0131yorsa, onun hareket tarz\u0131, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntemler ve elde etti\u011fi bilgilerin niteli\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilerek kast \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, \u201cbilginin gizlili\u011fini bilme\u201d unsuru da \u00f6zel kast\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Fail, temin etti\u011fi bilginin devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu bilerek hareket etmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Dijital Delillerin De\u011ferlendirilmesi ve G\u00fcvenilirlik Sorunu<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz casusluk soru\u015fturmalar\u0131nda dijital delillerin art\u0131\u015f\u0131, mahkemeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem kolayl\u0131k hem de risk do\u011furur. Dijital verilerin manip\u00fcle edilebilirli\u011fi, kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulanmas\u0131 ve elde edilme y\u00f6ntemlerinin denetlenmesi adil yarg\u0131lanman\u0131n temel ko\u015fuludur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay, dijital delillerin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde \u015fu \u00fc\u00e7 kriteri benimsemektedir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kayna\u011f\u0131n do\u011frulanabilirli\u011fi (hash de\u011ferlerinin e\u015fle\u015fmesi, orijinal imaj dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Zincirleme muhafaza (chain of custody) kural\u0131na uyulmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ba\u011flamsal tutarl\u0131l\u0131k (delilin faille ve su\u00e7 konusu bilgilerle ili\u015fkisi).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu kriterlere uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, dijital delillerin h\u00fckme esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kabul edilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">H\u00fcseyin G\u00fcn \u2013 Ekrem \u0130mamo\u011flu soru\u015fturmas\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme gelen \u201c<em>\u00f6zel yaz\u0131\u015fma analizleri<\/em>\u201d iddialar\u0131, bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6\u011fretici bir \u00f6rnektir. Soru\u015fturma makamlar\u0131, \u015f\u00fcphelinin \u201cWickr Me\u201d uygulamas\u0131 \u00fczerinden ki\u015fisel mesajla\u015fmalar\u0131 inceleyip raporlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu verilerin \u201csiyasal nitelikli bilgi\u201d te\u015fkil etti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak burada as\u0131l tart\u0131\u015fma, bu yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve verilerin temin y\u00f6nteminin hukuka uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindedir. Bu \u00f6rnek, dijital \u00e7a\u011fda casusluk su\u00e7unun hem s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n hem de ispat standard\u0131n\u0131n ne denli tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale geldi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Delil De\u011ferlendirmesinde Standart: \u201cMak\u00fbl \u015e\u00fcpheden Uzak Kesin Kanaat\u201d<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun ispat\u0131, di\u011fer ceza tiplerine g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek bir kan\u0131t standard\u0131 gerektirir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu su\u00e7, a\u011f\u0131r cezalara ve ciddi diplomatik sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7abilir. Bu nedenle mahkemelerin, failin casusluk kast\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu \u201cmak\u00fbl \u015f\u00fcpheden uzak kesin kanaat\u201d d\u00fczeyinde ortaya koymas\u0131 gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay 16. Ceza Dairesi ve 3. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin bir\u00e7ok karar\u0131nda, \u201c<em>varsay\u0131m, kanaat veya olas\u0131l\u0131klar zincirinin<\/em>\u201d mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in yeterli olamayaca\u011f\u0131 vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Somut, do\u011frulanabilir ve \u00e7eli\u015fkisiz delillerin birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu standart, bir yandan ulusal g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131lar\u0131yla cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 desteklerken, di\u011fer yandan bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin keyf\u00ee bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Nitekim 3. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2025\/5971 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda, \u00f6zel kast\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ba\u011f veya ideolojik aidiyetle ispat edilemeyece\u011fi; bilginin gizlili\u011fi, temin y\u00f6ntemi ve yabanc\u0131 yap\u0131 lehine hareketin somut bi\u00e7imde kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0130spat G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri ve Hukuk Devleti Dengesi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun ispat\u0131, \u00f6zellikle siber faaliyetler, kriptolu ileti\u015fim ve uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi gerektiren dosyalarda olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k hale gelmi\u015ftir. Delil elde etme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde Mill\u00ee \u0130stihbarat Te\u015fkilat\u0131, Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve BTK gibi kurumlar birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da, bu kurumlar\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerin yarg\u0131sal denetime tabi tutulmas\u0131 zorunludur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Burada hukuk devleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan temel denge, ulusal g\u00fcvenli\u011fin korunmas\u0131 ile adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n teminat\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu denge bozuldu\u011funda, casusluk su\u00e7lamas\u0131 siyasal muhalifleri bast\u0131rma arac\u0131 h\u00e2line gelebilir veya tersi \u015fekilde, ger\u00e7ek casusluk faaliyetleri yeterince cezaland\u0131r\u0131lamayabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu nedenle, mahkemelerin hem maddi delil standard\u0131n\u0131 hem de \u00f6zel kast\u0131n ispat\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 bi\u00e7imde uygulamalar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerle de (A\u0130HS m.6 ve m.7) uyumlu bir yarg\u0131lama prati\u011fi olu\u015fturur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Usul Boyutu\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun yarg\u0131lamas\u0131, di\u011fer ceza t\u00fcrlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak hem delil gizlili\u011fi hem de uluslararas\u0131 boyut i\u00e7ermesi nedeniyle usul bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel hassasiyet gerektirir. \u00d6zellikle devlet s\u0131rr\u0131, istihbarat bilgileri ve diplomatik ili\u015fkilerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 belgelerin yarg\u0131lamaya yans\u0131ma bi\u00e7imi, ceza muhakemesi hukukunun genel ilkeleriyle zaman zaman \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma yaratmaktad\u0131r. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, casusluk su\u00e7lar\u0131nda yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinin temel \u00f6zellikleri ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc kanun yollar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, i\u00e7tihatlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sistematik olarak incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk Davalar\u0131nda Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin davalar, genellikle gizlilik karar\u0131 alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> m.182\/2). Bu t\u00fcr dosyalarda duru\u015fmalar\u0131n kapal\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n m\u00fcdafi ile ileti\u015fiminde k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar ve delillere eri\u015fim s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bununla birlikte, adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 (Anayasa m.36 ve A\u0130HS m.6) bu k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n mutlak olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Nitekim Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi (A\u0130HM), <em>Rowe and Davis v. United Kingdom<\/em> karar\u0131nda, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik gerek\u00e7esiyle savunmadan gizlenen delillerin ancak \u201c<em>mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fekilde denetlendi\u011fi<\/em>\u201d durumlarda me\u015fru kabul edilebilece\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrk yarg\u0131s\u0131nda da benzer yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsenmi\u015f olup, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> m.125 uyar\u0131nca devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 niteli\u011findeki belgeler sadece h\u00e2kim veya mahkeme heyeti taraf\u0131ndan incelenebilir; ancak san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7un esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin savunmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen bilgi veya belgeler tamamen gizlenemez. Bu, casusluk su\u00e7lar\u0131nda savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc koruyan temel g\u00fcvencedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">H\u00fckm\u00fcn Kesinle\u015fmesi ve Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Kanun Yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nemi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r ceza niteli\u011fi ve y\u00fcksek kamuoyu hassasiyeti, kararlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla istinaf ve temyiz a\u015famalar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. H\u00fckm\u00fcn kesinle\u015fmesinden sonra ise iki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ba\u015fvuru yolu \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kanun yarar\u0131na bozma (CMK m.309),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n yenilenmesi (CMK m.311).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu iki yolun kapsam\u0131 ve i\u015flevi s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmakta; ancak Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin 2025\/5971 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131, aralar\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 net bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2025\/5971 Say\u0131l\u0131 Karar: \u201cKanun Yarar\u0131na Bozma\u201d S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7izilmesi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">S\u00f6z konusu kararda, FET\u00d6\/PDY yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda casusluk su\u00e7lamas\u0131ndan beraat eden san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda yeni delillerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kanun yarar\u0131na bozma yoluna gidilmi\u015ftir. Ancak Yarg\u0131tay \u015fu tespitte bulunmu\u015ftur:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u201c<em>Kesinle\u015fen h\u00fck\u00fcmde yeni delillerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, ancak yarg\u0131laman\u0131n yenilenmesi nedenidir; kanun yarar\u0131na bozma yolunun konusu olamaz.<\/em>\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu gerek\u00e7e, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> m.309\u2019un lafz\u0131na uygun olup, bu maddeye g\u00f6re \u201ckanun yarar\u0131na bozma\u201d yaln\u0131zca usul hatalar\u0131 veya a\u00e7\u0131k hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar i\u00e7eren kararlar i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr; yeni delillerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya maddi olgunun yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesi bu kapsamda de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay ayr\u0131ca, bu t\u00fcr m\u00fcdahalelerin kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm ilkesini zedeleyece\u011fini, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n istikrar\u0131n\u0131 bozaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hukuk devleti ilkesiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, casusluk su\u00e7lar\u0131nda bile ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc kanun yollar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 uygulanabilece\u011fi bir kez daha teyit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n Yenilenmesi (CMK m.311 ve Devam\u0131)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n yenilenmesi, casusluk gibi gizli faaliyetlere dayal\u0131 su\u00e7larda yeni delillerin sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma ihtimalinin y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 nedeniyle en \u00f6nemli ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ba\u015fvuru yoludur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">CMK m.311\u2019e g\u00f6re, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hallerde h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc lehine veya aleyhine yarg\u0131laman\u0131n yenilenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yeni olay veya delilin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bilirki\u015fi veya tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 beyan verdi\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Belgenin sahte oldu\u011funun tespiti,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin ihlal karar\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">H\u00fckm\u00fcn dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarg\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7lar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle \u201cyeni delil\u201d ve \u201csahte belge\u201d nedenleri s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00fcndeme gelir. Ancak yeni delilin h\u00fckm\u00fc etkileyebilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay, gizli istihbarat kaynaklar\u0131ndan elde edilen bilgilerin tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u201cyeni delil\u201d say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; bu bilgilerin somut, do\u011frulanabilir ve yarg\u0131sal denetime elveri\u015fli nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ne Bis in Idem ve Hukuk G\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u0130lkesi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7lar\u0131nda yarg\u0131laman\u0131n yenilenmesi talepleri s\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7ifte yarg\u0131lama yasa\u011f\u0131 (ne bis in idem) tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirir. Ayn\u0131 fiil nedeniyle bir ki\u015finin iki kez yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 veya cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Anayasa m.38\/5 ve A\u0130HS 7. Protokol m.4\u2019e g\u00f6re yasakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">2025\/5971 say\u0131l\u0131 kararda, san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce kesinle\u015fmi\u015f bir beraat karar\u0131 bulundu\u011fundan, ayn\u0131 fiil kapsam\u0131nda yeni deliller gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek yeni bir yarg\u0131lama ba\u015flat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay bu karar\u0131yla, casusluk gibi a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7larda dahi kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm g\u00fcvencesinin mutlak oldu\u011funu teyit etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, hukuk devleti ilkesinin yaln\u0131zca bireysel haklar\u0131 de\u011fil, ceza adalet sisteminin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de korudu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Devlet S\u0131rr\u0131 \u2013 Savunma Hakk\u0131 Dengesi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk davalar\u0131n\u0131n usul boyutundaki en hassas sorunlardan biri, devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle belgelerin savunmadan gizlenmesidir. Bu durum, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5271&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMK<\/a> m.125 uyar\u0131nca yasal dayanak bulsa da, uygulamada savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131 ciddi bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n istikrarl\u0131 i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle gizlenen belgelerin i\u00e7eri\u011fi h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan mutlaka incelenmeli; belge, su\u00e7un s\u00fcbutu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirleyici ise bu i\u00e7erik tutana\u011fa \u00f6zet bi\u00e7iminde ge\u00e7irilmelidir. Aksi halde h\u00fck\u00fcm \u201ceksik incelemeye\u201d dayal\u0131 olur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">A\u0130HM de <em>Klass and Others v. Germany<\/em> karar\u0131nda, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik gerek\u00e7esiyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen gizli soru\u015fturmalarda bile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir yarg\u0131sal denetimin zorunlu oldu\u011funu belirterek bu dengenin \u00f6nemini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">De\u011ferlendirme<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun yarg\u0131sal s\u00fcreci, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik ile adil yarg\u0131lanma aras\u0131ndaki hassas dengeyi test eden alanlardan biridir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kanun yarar\u0131na bozma yaln\u0131zca a\u00e7\u0131k hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olup, yeni delil de\u011ferlendirmesi bu kapsamda yer almaz.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n yenilenmesi ise yeni, etkili ve do\u011frulanabilir delillerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve ne bis in idem ilkeleri, casusluk davalar\u0131nda bile mutlak koruma alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar, savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde uygulanamaz.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede 2025 i\u00e7tihad\u0131, ceza muhakemesinin istikrar\u0131n\u0131 korurken, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik gerek\u00e7esiyle keyf\u00ee yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7en bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 niteli\u011findedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">G\u00fcncel Geli\u015fmeler: H\u00fcseyin G\u00fcn &#8211; Ekrem \u0130mamo\u011flu Soru\u015fturmas\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"309\" data-end=\"800\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Son y\u0131llarda \u201csiyasal casusluk\u201d, yaln\u0131zca devlete ait gizli askeri belgelerin yabanc\u0131 devletlere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015feklinde de\u011fil; siyasi akt\u00f6rlerin, kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n, se\u00e7men kitlesinin verilerinin izinsiz toplanmas\u0131, analiz edilmesi ve manip\u00fcle edilmesi bi\u00e7iminde de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.328 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan su\u00e7un maddi konusunun, \u201cgizli bilgilerin temini\u201d olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, dijital veri ve se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda stratejik bilgi teminine do\u011fru evrildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"828\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Olay\u0131n Arka Plan\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"866\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bas\u0131na yans\u0131yan haberlere g\u00f6re:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"1159\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u015e\u00fcpheli olarak H\u00fcseyin G\u00fcn, se\u00e7im kampanyalar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zel yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, ileti\u015fim kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve belediyeye ait veri tabanlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde analizler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dosya kapsam\u0131nda etkin pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ba\u015fvurusunda bulunmu\u015f durumda.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1162\" data-end=\"1445\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Dosyada ayr\u0131ca Ekrem \u0130mamo\u011flu (\u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131), Necati \u00d6zkan (kampanya direkt\u00f6r\u00fc\/ dan\u0131\u015fman), Merdan Yanarda\u011f (TELE1 Genel Yay\u0131n Y\u00f6netmeni) ve Melih Ge\u00e7ek (\u0130STTELKOM eski Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc) isimleri ge\u00e7mektedir.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1448\" data-end=\"1894\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Savc\u0131l\u0131k iddias\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u0130mamo\u011flu liderli\u011findeki yap\u0131, belediyeye ait verileri ve se\u00e7men \u00f6zel bilgilerini \u201cOstin\u201d adli platforma aktararak yabanc\u0131 istihbarat servislerine y\u00f6nelik analiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f; Yanarda\u011f da TELE1 kanal arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bu verilerin medya aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zkan\u2019\u0131n ise kod ad\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia edilen \u201cBluestar81\u201d ile G\u00fcn ile haberle\u015fti\u011fi ve veriyi aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1897\" data-end=\"2058\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yanarda\u011f\u2019a, G\u00fcn\u2019den d\u00fczenli olarak elden maddi menfaat temin edildi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde tan\u0131k beyanlar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu iddia edilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2243\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu iddialar \u00fczerine \u0130stanbul Sulh Ceza Hakimli\u011fi, \u0130mamo\u011flu, \u00d6zkan ve Yanarda\u011f hakk\u0131nda \u201csiyasal casusluk\u201d su\u00e7undan tutuklama karar\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2246\" data-end=\"2392\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Melih Ge\u00e7ek\u2019in soru\u015fturmadan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre tutukland\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kaynaklar mevcuttur.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hukuki Tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n Oda\u011f\u0131: \u201cDevletin \u0130\u00e7 Siyasal Yararlar\u0131\u201d<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2461\" data-end=\"2666\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.328\u2019in kapsam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kritik soru \u015fudur: Temin edilen bilgiler devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya i\u00e7\/d\u0131\u015f siyasal yararlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken nitelikte midir? \u015eu hususlar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2669\" data-end=\"2882\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00d6zel \u015fah\u0131slara ait verilerin, do\u011frudan devlet kurumlar\u0131na, savunma sistemlerine veya diplomatik ili\u015fkilere zarar verecek i\u00e7erikte olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda casusluk su\u00e7unun nitelikli hali i\u00e7in yeterli olmayabilir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2885\" data-end=\"3139\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">G\u00fcn-\u0130mamo\u011flu soru\u015fturmas\u0131nda iddia edilen \u201c<em>belediye verilerinin yabanc\u0131 servislerce analiz edilmesi<\/em>\u201d durumu, hen\u00fcz yarg\u0131 karar\u0131na ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte casusluk su\u00e7unun tipik \u00f6rne\u011fi olan \u201c<em>yabanc\u0131 devlet yarar\u0131na hareket<\/em>\u201d unsuruna y\u00f6nelik tart\u0131\u015fma a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"3141\" data-end=\"3185\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve Ele\u015ftiriler<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3186\" data-end=\"3505\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Savc\u0131l\u0131k dosyas\u0131nda \u015fu iddialar yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c<em>\u0130mamo\u011flu\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131kar ama\u00e7l\u0131 su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc y\u00f6netti\u011fi, belediyeye ait verileri yabanc\u0131 istihbarat servislerine aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131, G\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u0130ngiliz ve Amerikan servisleriyle temas kurdu\u011fu\u2026<\/em>\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3186\" data-end=\"3505\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hukuk \u00e7evrelerinde ise \u015fu ele\u015ftiriler g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3508\" data-end=\"3710\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk su\u00e7unun ceza tipolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirlilik ilkesi (Anayasa m.38\/1) ve kanunilik ilkesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yorum s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00d6zel ki\u015fi verilerinin temini her zaman m.328 kapsam\u0131na girmez.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3713\" data-end=\"3830\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Dijital verilerin \u201c<em>gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken devlet bilgisi<\/em>\u201d niteli\u011finde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 somut olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"3832\" data-end=\"3876\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Casusluk Su\u00e7unun Siyasalla\u015fma Riski<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3877\" data-end=\"4244\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu soru\u015fturma, casusluk su\u00e7unun i\u00e7 siyaset ve medya alan\u0131nda bir ara\u00e7 haline gelme riskini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6zellikle, \u201csiyasal yarar\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f yorumlanmas\u0131, su\u00e7 tipinin se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Bu durum, ceza hukukunun d\u00fczenleyici fonksiyonundan \u00e7\u0131karak siyasilere y\u00f6nelik bir bask\u0131 mekanizmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"4246\" data-end=\"4289\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131sal Uygulamada Olas\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4290\" data-end=\"4708\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">E\u011fer soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda, iddia edilen verilerin ger\u00e7ekten gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken bilgiler oldu\u011fu ispatlan\u0131rsa ve bu verilerin yabanc\u0131 bir devlet veya servise aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc deliller bulunursa, m.328 kapsam\u0131nda mahk\u00fbmiyet m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Aksi durumda dava, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.136 (ki\u015fisel verilerin kaydedilmesi) veya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5237&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TCK<\/a> m.134 (\u00f6zel hayat\u0131n gizlili\u011fini ihl\u00e2l) gibi su\u00e7 tipleri alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4732\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">De\u011ferlendirme<\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4733\" data-end=\"5238\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">H\u00fcseyin G\u00fcn \u2013 Ekrem \u0130mamo\u011flu soru\u015fturmas\u0131, casusluk su\u00e7unun dijitalle\u015fmesi, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde veri temini ve medya arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla manip\u00fclasyon bi\u00e7imlerinin ceza hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan test edildi\u011fi bir \u00f6rnektir. Ancak dosya hen\u00fcz kesin h\u00fckme ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f olup, su\u00e7unun unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n tam manas\u0131yla olu\u015ftu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yarg\u0131sal karar bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, hukuk devleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu t\u00fcr soru\u015fturmalarda \u015feffafl\u0131k, e\u015fitlik ve adil yarg\u0131lanma ilkelerinin korunmas\u0131 \u00f6zel \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Hukuk<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">ABD &#8211; Espionage Act (1917)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">ABD hukukunda casusluk su\u00e7u esasen 1917 tarihli <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/law\/espionage-acts#:~:text=The%20original%20Espionage%20Act%20was,to%20interfere%20with%20military%20operations.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Espionage Act<\/a> ile d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu yasa, \u00f6zellikle Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmu\u015f olup, \u201c<em>national defense information<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan gizli bilgilerin yetkisiz bi\u00e7imde edinilmesi, if\u015fa edilmesi veya yabanc\u0131 devletlere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yasan\u0131n dikkat \u00e7eken y\u00f6n\u00fc, yaln\u0131zca klasik anlamda devlet s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bilginin if\u015fa edilmesinin ABD\u2019nin g\u00fcvenli\u011fine zarar verecek \u015fekilde \u201cpotansiyel tehlike\u201d olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 da su\u00e7 saymas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle, Espionage Act bir soyut tehlike su\u00e7u niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ancak ABD\u2019de bu d\u00fczenleme, \u00f6zellikle gazetecilik ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Edward Snowden, Chelsea Manning ve Julian Assange vakalar\u0131, Espionage Act\u2019in devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile kamusal bilgi edinme hakk\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dengenin ne kadar k\u0131r\u0131lgan oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k &#8211; Official Secrets Act (1989)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1989\/6\/contents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official Secrets Act 1989<\/a>, devlet s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin en kapsaml\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerden biridir. Bu yasa, \u201csecurity and intelligence information\u201d, \u201cdefence information\u201d ve \u201cinternational relations information\u201d kategorileriyle devlet s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">UK yasas\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekici fark, \u201ccasuslukta anla\u015fma \u015fart\u0131\u201dn\u0131n veya failin do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 devlet yarar\u0131na hareket etme zorunlulu\u011funun bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Failin yaln\u0131zca \u201cyetkisiz if\u015fa\u201d veya \u201cbilgi temini\u201d fiilini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi cezaland\u0131rma i\u00e7in yeterlidir. Bu durum, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu m.328\u2019in arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel maksat unsuruna g\u00f6re daha objektif bir sorumluluk alan\u0131 yaratmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bununla birlikte \u0130ngiliz hukukunda da, bas\u0131n mensuplar\u0131 ve kamu yarar\u0131 savunmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda belirli s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 muafiyetler tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; \u201cpublic interest defence\u201d yaln\u0131zca \u00f6zel ko\u015fullarda uygulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Almanya &#8211; Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) \u00a794<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Alman Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun \u00a794 maddesi, \u201cLandesverrat\u201d yani \u201cvatana ihanet\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin s\u0131rlar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 bir devletin yarar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 veya temini fiillerini 5 y\u0131ldan m\u00fcebbet hapse kadar cezaland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Alman hukukunda \u201ccasuslukta anla\u015fma\u201d unsuru aranmaz; ancak failin yabanc\u0131 bir devlet yarar\u0131na hareket etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ispatlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, StGB \u00a794 \u201cbilginin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131\u201d ile \u201cbilginin temini\u201d aras\u0131nda fark g\u00f6zetmez &#8211; her ikisini de tamamlanm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 olarak kabul eder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde dijital veriler, elektronik belgeler ve \u015fifreli ileti\u015fimler de \u201cbilgi\u201d kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir; 2017\u2019de yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle \u201csiber casusluk\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ceza normunun kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Analiz: Anla\u015fma \u015eart\u0131, \u00d6zel Maksat ve Dijital Casusluk<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 hukukta \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fc\u00e7 temel fark \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Anla\u015fma \u015eart\u0131<\/strong>: T\u00fcrk hukukunda (\u00f6zellikle 2014 tarihli Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD karar\u0131) casusluk fiilinin tamamlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in fail ile yabanc\u0131 devlet aras\u0131nda bir \u201canla\u015fma\u201d veya \u201cileti\u015fim\u201d ili\u015fkisinin bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yorumlar vard\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n ABD, \u0130ngiltere ve Almanya\u2019da b\u00f6yle bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmesel ba\u011flant\u0131 aranmaz.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00d6zel Maksat<\/strong>: TCK m.328, \u201c<em>siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk maksad\u0131yla<\/em>\u201d hareket etmeyi arar. Anglo-Sakson sistemlerinde bu \u00f6zel kast \u00e7o\u011fu zaman failin \u201cknowingly\u201d veya \u201cintentionally\u201d hareket etmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Dijital Casusluk<\/strong>: Modern hukuk sistemleri, siber casusluk fiillerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlemektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise dijital platformlar \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan veri temini fiilleri h\u00e2len genel casusluk tan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmekte; bu da uygulamada yorum farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Sonu\u00e7 ve \u00d6neriler<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Siyasal veya asker\u00ee casusluk su\u00e7u, dijital \u00e7a\u011fda devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011finin korunmas\u0131nda vazge\u00e7ilmezdir. Ancak modern bilgi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131maz do\u011fas\u0131, bu su\u00e7un belirlilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yeniden yorumlanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Savc\u0131 ve Savunma \u0130\u00e7in Pratik \u00d6neriler<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Savc\u0131lar i\u00e7in: Bilginin gizlilik derecesi, temin y\u00f6ntemi ve yabanc\u0131 yararla ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 teknik olarak somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Dijital delil zinciri ve \u201c\u00f6zel maksat\u201d unsuru aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Savunma i\u00e7in: \u201cDevlet s\u0131rr\u0131\u201d nitelendirmesinin keyf\u00ee yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde, gizlili\u011fin objektif unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmeli; bilginin zaten kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu ispat edilmelidir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Her iki taraf i\u00e7in: Siber verilerin elde edilmesinde \u201chash\u201d, \u201clog\u201d ve \u201cmetadata\u201d delilleri, fiilin kast\u0131n\u0131 belirlemede kullan\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Mevzuat \u00d6nerisi: Siber Casusluk Tipi ve Anla\u015fma \u015eart\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">T\u00fcrk hukukunda, \u201csiber casusluk\u201d ad\u0131yla ayr\u0131 bir su\u00e7 tipi d\u00fczenlenmeli; klasik fiziki casuslukla dijital veri temini aras\u0131ndaki fark a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ayr\u0131ca, \u201canla\u015fma \u015fart\u0131\u201d konusundaki i\u00e7tihat farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 gidermek \u00fczere madde gerek\u00e7esi g\u00fcncellenmeli; yabanc\u0131 devletle fiil\u00ee temas\u0131n aran\u0131p aranmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hukuk Devleti A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan G\u00fcvenlik\u2013\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Dengesi<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Devlet g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, demokratik hukuk devletinde ifade ve bilgi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle dengelenmelidir. Casusluk su\u00e7unun geni\u015f yorumlanmas\u0131, siyasal muhalefeti veya medyay\u0131 hedef alacak \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n\u0131n yeknesakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, hem savc\u0131l\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131nda hem de savunma stratejilerinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik sa\u011flayacak; hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz edecektir.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Casusluk, devletlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan en eski su\u00e7 tiplerinden biridir. Tarih boyunca siyas\u00ee, asker\u00ee, ekonomik ve teknolojik alanlarda gizli bilgi elde etme \u00e7abas\u0131, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik hukukunun temel kayg\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise klasik casusluk y\u00f6ntemleri yerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dijital ara\u00e7lara, siber istihbarat faaliyetlerine ve yapay zek\u00e2 destekli veri analiz tekniklerine b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, \u00f6zellikle [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":29560,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[740,739,793],"tags":[19096,19097,19098,19093,19112,289,17886,2794,429,19127,9032,19125,19111,19103,19134,19122,5021,13649,19119,19092,19110,19106,14783,19107,19086,19130,19018,19115,19099,19131,19083,860,3694,13684,19136,19135,19105,264,19120,19123,19121,19126,19113,19132,19118,19133,19094,19091,19124,19104,17880,19108,19116,19090,19117,19100,19084,10619,19102,19085,12273,19087,19109,19082,19137,19128,19101,19081,19129,19114,19089,3249,16870,19088,19095],"class_list":["post-29555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-hukuku","category-gorusler-dusunceler","category-gorusler","tag-2014-9-ceza-dairesi","tag-2024-3-ceza-dairesi","tag-2025-3-ceza-dairesi","tag-anayasa-26","tag-ankara-avukat","tag-avukat","tag-avukatlik-hizmetleri","tag-basin-ozgurlugu","tag-bilgi-guvenligi","tag-bilgi-islem-konusunda-deneyimli","tag-bicak-hukuk-burosu","tag-caglayan-adliyesi","tag-casusluk-hukuki-mutalaa","tag-casusluk-sorusturma","tag-casusluk-sucu-iddia","tag-casusluk-vatan-hainligi","tag-ceza-avukati","tag-ceza-hukuku-danismanligi","tag-chpnin-cumhurbaskani-adayi","tag-cmk-125","tag-dava-stratejisi","tag-delil-yonetimi","tag-devlet-sirri","tag-dijital-adli-bilisim","tag-dijital-deliller-avukat","tag-dijital-ordu","tag-due-diligence","tag-ekrem-imamoglu-casusluk","tag-espionage-act","tag-gercek-zamanli-dijital-istihbarat","tag-gizli-bilgi-temini","tag-hukuk-burosu","tag-hukuk-devleti","tag-hukuka-uygun-delil","tag-huseyin-gun-etkin-pismanlik","tag-huseyin-gun-itirafci","tag-ic-sorusturma","tag-ifade-ozgurlugu","tag-imamoglu-savcilik-ifadesi","tag-imamoglu-suc-orgutu","tag-imamoglu-tutuklandi","tag-istanbul-adalet-sarayi","tag-istanbul-avukat","tag-istanbul-belediyesi-veri-tabani-kopyalama","tag-istanbul-buyuksehir-belediye-ibb-baskani","tag-istanbul-gonulluleri","tag-kamu-yarari","tag-kanun-yararina-bozma","tag-kisisel-verilerinin-yabanci-ulke-istihbarat-birimlerine-aktarilmasi","tag-kovusturma-stratejisi","tag-kurumsal-uyum","tag-kvkk-uyumu","tag-merdan-yanardag-casusluk","tag-ne-bis-in-idem","tag-necati-ozkan-casusluk","tag-official-secrets-act","tag-ozel-kast","tag-risk-analizi","tag-savunma-stratejisi","tag-siber-casusluk","tag-siber-suclar-avukati","tag-sifreli-iletisim","tag-sirket-guvenlik-politikalari","tag-siyasal-casusluk","tag-siyasal-casusluk-iddiasi","tag-siyasi-kampanya-danisman","tag-stgb-94","tag-tck-328","tag-tebrik-amacli-yapilmis-ziyaret","tag-turkiyede-casusluk-sucu","tag-ulusal-guvenlik","tag-uluslararasi-ceza-hukuku","tag-veri-koruma","tag-veri-sizdirma","tag-yargitay-ictihatlari"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Siyasal Casusluk Su\u00e7u ve Cezas\u0131: \u0130mamo\u011flu Olay\u0131 | B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Siyasal Casusluk Su\u00e7u Cezas\u0131 Ekrem \u0130mamo\u011flu Olay\u0131 \u0130ddia G\u00fcncel Soru\u015fturma Casus Dijital Ara\u00e7lar \u0130\u00e7tihatlar Hukuk Devleti \u0130lkesi Avukat Hukuk\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/siyasal-casusluk-sucu-ve-cezasi-imamoglu-olayi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Siyasal Casusluk Su\u00e7u ve Cezas\u0131: \u0130mamo\u011flu Olay\u0131 %\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Casusluk, devletlerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan en eski su\u00e7 tiplerinden biridir. 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