{"id":13047,"date":"2018-03-10T01:04:39","date_gmt":"2018-03-09T22:04:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/?p=13047"},"modified":"2026-01-27T00:29:22","modified_gmt":"2026-01-26T21:29:22","slug":"suc-ceza-adalet-sisteminde-cocuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/suc-ceza-adalet-sisteminde-cocuk\/","title":{"rendered":"Su\u00e7 ve Ceza Adalet Sisteminde \u00c7ocuk"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. \u00c7ocu\u011fun Ceza Hukukundaki Konumu: Fail mi, Korunmas\u0131 Gereken Birey mi?<\/span><\/h3>\n

Modern ceza hukukunda \u00e7ocuk, yaln\u0131zca su\u00e7 i\u015fleyebilen bir \u00f6zne olarak de\u011fil; fiziksel, zihinsel ve sosyal geli\u015fimi devam eden, bu nedenle \u00f6zel koruma mekanizmalar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyan bir birey olarak ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, klasik kusur merkezli ceza sorumlulu\u011fu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan uzakla\u015farak, \u00e7ocu\u011fun y\u00fcksek yarar\u0131n\u0131 esas alan koruyucu-\u00f6nleyici bir modele y\u00f6nelimi ifade eder. T\u00fcrk hukuk sisteminde bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, Anayasa<\/a> h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu<\/a> ve \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu<\/a> ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir normatif yap\u0131 \u00fczerinden in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesi, kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik ilkesini d\u00fczenlemekle birlikte \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k bir pozitif ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k rejimi \u00f6ng\u00f6rmekte; \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in al\u0131nacak tedbirlerin e\u015fitlik ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 41. maddesinde de tekrar edilmekte; devletin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc istismara ve \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu tedbirleri alma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anayasal d\u00fczeyde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00e7ocuk, ceza adalet sistemi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201ce\u015fit muamele<\/em>\u201dnin de\u011fil, \u201cfarkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f koruma<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n konusu h\u00e2line gelmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi de g\u00fcncel i\u00e7tihad\u0131nda bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde teyit etmektedir. Mahkeme, \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemelerin ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; aksine anayasal bir zorunlulu\u011fun sonucu oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n fiziksel ve psikolojik geli\u015fim \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle yeti\u015fkinlerden farkl\u0131 bir hukuki stat\u00fcye sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir (AYM, E.2024\/125, K.2025\/178, 10\/09\/2025, \u00a754). Ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda Mahkeme, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n iradelerine dayal\u0131 usul modellerinden uzak tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131, savunma g\u00fcvencelerinin geni\u015fletilmesini ve yarg\u0131laman\u0131n maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015facak \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini \u201c\u00e7ocu\u011fun y\u00fcksek yarar\u0131<\/em>\u201d ilkesinin do\u011fal sonucu olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir (AYM, E.2020\/79, K.2023\/113, 22\/06\/2023).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu anayasal perspektif, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019na da do\u011frudan yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanun koyucu, TCK m.6\u2019da \u00e7ocu\u011fu hen\u00fcz on sekiz ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmam\u0131\u015f ki\u015fi olarak tan\u0131mlamakla yetinmemi\u015f; TCK m.31\u2019de ya\u015f gruplar\u0131na g\u00f6re farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ceza sorumlulu\u011fu rejimi kurarak mutlak sorumsuzluk, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk ve indirimli sorumluluk modellerini benimsemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ocuk, ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tek tip bir fail kategorisi i\u00e7inde de\u011fil, geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6steren \u00f6zel bir s\u00fcje olarak konumland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak normatif d\u00fczenleme tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli de\u011fildir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun ceza adalet sistemi i\u00e7indeki ger\u00e7ek konumu, uygulamada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yorumlar ve yarg\u0131sal pratikle \u015fekillenmektedir. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay ve Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, \u00e7ocuk yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca maddi ceza hukuku kurallar\u0131yla de\u011fil; sosyal inceleme raporlar\u0131, adli t\u0131p de\u011ferlendirmeleri<\/a>, alg\u0131lama ve y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011fi analizleri, usul g\u00fcvenceleri ve zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 unsurla birlikte ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda \u00e7ocuk ceza adaleti, salt bir \u201cindirimli ceza<\/em>\u201d rejimi de\u011fildir. Aksine, \u00e7ocu\u011fun bireysel \u00f6zelliklerini esas alan, ceza sorumlulu\u011funu \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc de\u011ferlendiren ve devletin koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc merkeze alan \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yarg\u0131lama alan\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fu yaln\u0131zca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir yeti\u015fkin olarak g\u00f6ren yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, hem Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. ve 41. maddeleriyle hem de TCK\u2019n\u0131n sistemati\u011fiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu perspektifinden \u00e7ocu\u011fun ceza hukukundaki yerini; normatif d\u00fczenlemeler ile Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcncel i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ele almay\u0131, \u00f6zellikle su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ceza sorumlulu\u011fu, usul g\u00fcvenceleri ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun y\u00fcksek yarar\u0131 ilkesi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bi\u00e7imde analiz etmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. \u0130zleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde, \u00f6nce TCK m.31 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ceza ehliyeti rejimi incelenecek; ard\u0131ndan sosyal inceleme raporunun rol\u00fc, alg\u0131lama-y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011finin tespiti, su\u00e7un vas\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 ve anayasal koruma mekanizmalar\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilecektir.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nda \u00c7ocuk Kavram\u0131 ve Ceza Ehliyeti Rejimi<\/span><\/h3>\n

T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, \u00e7ocu\u011fu ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tek tip bir fail kategorisi i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirmemi\u015f; ya\u015fa ve geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir sorumluluk sistemi benimsemi\u015ftir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00e7ocu\u011fun yaln\u0131zca biyolojik ya\u015f\u0131yla de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda alg\u0131lama kapasitesi ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011fiyle birlikte ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren karma bir modele i\u015faret etmektedir.\u00a0<\/span>TCK m.6\/1-b h\u00fckm\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00e7ocuk, hen\u00fcz on sekiz ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmam\u0131\u015f ki\u015fidir. Bu tan\u0131m, ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ocu\u011fun kapsam\u0131n\u0131 belirlemekle birlikte, tek ba\u015f\u0131na ceza sorumlulu\u011funu tayin etmeye yetmemektedir. Ceza ehliyeti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan as\u0131l belirleyici d\u00fczenleme TCK m.31\u2019de yer almakta olup, burada \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sistematik kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130lk olarak, fiili i\u015fledi\u011fi s\u0131rada on iki ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmam\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ceza sorumlulu\u011funun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir (TCK m.31\/1). Bu ya\u015f grubundaki \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan mutlak sorumsuzluk esas\u0131 benimsenmi\u015f; ceza kovu\u015fturmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ocuklara \u00f6zg\u00fc g\u00fcvenlik tedbirlerinin uygulanabilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00fczenleme, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015ftaki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 hukuki anlamda de\u011ferlendirme yetene\u011finden yoksun oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bilimsel kabullerin ceza hukukuna yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci grup, fiili i\u015fledi\u011fi s\u0131rada on iki ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmu\u015f olup on be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmam\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7ocuklardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r (TCK m.31\/2). Bu ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mutlak bir sorumsuzluk kabul edilmemi\u015f; \u00e7ocu\u011fun i\u015fledi\u011fi fiilin hukuki anlam ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lay\u0131p alg\u0131layamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011finin geli\u015fip geli\u015fmedi\u011fi somut olayda ayr\u0131ca ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken belirleyici kriterler olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu yeteneklerin bulunmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ceza sorumlulu\u011fu tamamen ortadan kalkmakta; bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ise a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcebbet, m\u00fcebbet ve di\u011fer hapis cezalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli oranlarda indirim \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc grup ise fiili i\u015fledi\u011fi s\u0131rada on be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmu\u015f olup on sekiz ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmam\u0131\u015f \u00e7ocuklard\u0131r (TCK m.31\/3). Bu ya\u015f grubunda ceza sorumlulu\u011fu kural olarak kabul edilmekte; ancak cezadan \u00fc\u00e7te bir oran\u0131nda indirim yap\u0131lmakta ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131rlar ayr\u0131ca belirlenmektedir. B\u00f6ylece kanun koyucu, bu ya\u015f grubundaki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n art\u0131k fiillerinin hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131layabildi\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131ndan hareket etmekle birlikte, geli\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 indirim nedeni olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yap\u0131, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda ya\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 mekanik bir sorumluluk sisteminden ziyade, \u00e7ocu\u011fun bireysel geli\u015fimini esas alan normatif bir \u00e7er\u00e7evenin benimsendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Nitekim Anayasa Mahkemesi de ya\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ceza sorumlulu\u011funu azaltan anayasal temelli bir kurum olarak kabul etmi\u015f; \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan getirilen farkl\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerin e\u015fitlik ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (AYM, E.2020\/79, K.2023\/113, 22\/06\/2023).<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulamada bu sistemati\u011fin en kritik y\u00f6n\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle on iki-on be\u015f ya\u015f grubundaki \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan alg\u0131lama ve y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011finin soyut kabullerle de\u011fil, somut verilerle ortaya konulmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fudur. Yarg\u0131tay, bu konuda istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde; adli t\u0131p raporlar\u0131 ile sosyal inceleme raporlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fki bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu \u00e7eli\u015fki giderilmeden h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay 6. Ceza Dairesi, sosyal inceleme raporunda \u00e7ocu\u011fun alg\u0131lama becerisinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmesine ra\u011fmen adli t\u0131p raporunda tam geli\u015fmi\u015flik y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, ilgili ihtisas kurulundan ek rapor al\u0131nmadan karar verilmesini bozma nedeni saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 6. CD, E.2022\/11014, K.2023\/9635).\u00a0<\/span>Benzer \u015fekilde Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi, on iki-on be\u015f ya\u015f grubundaki \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca tek bir rapora dayan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yeterli g\u00f6rmemekte; her su\u00e7 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve sosyal inceleme raporunun mutlaka dosyaya kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu kabul etmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, E.2021\/1582, K.2021\/8614). Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ceza ehliyetinin \u00e7ocu\u011fun ki\u015fili\u011fine sabitlenen statik bir \u00f6zellik de\u011fil; i\u015flenen fiile ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015febilen dinamik bir de\u011ferlendirme alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi de \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n iradelerine dayal\u0131 usul modellerine t\u00e2bi tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n sak\u0131ncalar\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015f; basit yarg\u0131lama gibi h\u0131z ve r\u0131za temelli mekanizmalar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uygulanmamas\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ocu\u011fun y\u00fcksek yarar\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fi olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir (AYM, E.2020\/79, K.2023\/113). Bu tespit, TCK m.31\u2019in yaln\u0131zca ceza miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen teknik bir h\u00fck\u00fcm olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ocu\u011fun yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecindeki konumunu \u015fekillendiren anayasal i\u00e7erikli bir norm oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019ndaki ceza ehliyeti rejimi, \u00e7ocu\u011fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir yeti\u015fkin olarak de\u011fil; geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyi de\u011fi\u015fken, korunmas\u0131 gereken ve bireysel \u00f6zellikleri esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 zorunlu \u00f6zel bir s\u00fcje olarak kabul etmektedir. Bu rejimin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015fletilebilmesi ise yaln\u0131zca ya\u015f tespitiyle de\u011fil, sosyal \u00e7evre analizi, psikiyatrik de\u011ferlendirme ve somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini birlikte dikkate alan b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir yarg\u0131sal yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Sosyal \u0130nceleme Raporu: \u015eekli \u0130\u015flem De\u011fil Maddi G\u00fcvence<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011fun ceza sorumlulu\u011funun belirlenmesinde yaln\u0131zca biyolojik ya\u015f\u0131n esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrk ceza adalet sistemi, \u00f6zellikle on iki-on sekiz ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, bireysel geli\u015fim \u00f6zelliklerinin, sosyal \u00e7evrenin ve psikososyal durumun birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmesini zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu zorunlulu\u011fun kurumsal kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 5395 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu\u2019nun 35. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen sosyal inceleme raporudur.\u00a0<\/span>An\u0131lan madde uyar\u0131nca, \u00e7ocuklar hakk\u0131nda mahkemeler, \u00e7ocuk h\u00e2kimleri veya Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan gerekti\u011finde \u00e7ocu\u011fun bireysel \u00f6zelliklerini ve sosyal \u00e7evresini g\u00f6steren inceleme yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; bu rapor, \u00e7ocu\u011fun i\u015fledi\u011fi fiilin hukuki anlam ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lama ve bu fiille ilgili olarak davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011finin takdirinde g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulur. Ayr\u0131ca sosyal inceleme yapt\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu durumun gerek\u00e7esinin kararda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilmesi zorunludur.\u00a0<\/span>Bu d\u00fczenleme, sosyal inceleme raporunun tali veya ihtiyari bir belge olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; \u00e7ocu\u011fun ceza ehliyeti de\u011ferlendirmesinin asli unsurlar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu da bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde benimsemi\u015f; sosyal inceleme raporunun al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n veya al\u0131nmamas\u0131na ili\u015fkin gerek\u00e7enin kararda g\u00f6sterilmesinin zorunlu oldu\u011funu, aksi h\u00e2lde h\u00fckm\u00fcn hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 h\u00e2le gelece\u011fini kabul etmi\u015ftir (CGK, 20.11.2018, E.2016\/6-986, K.2018\/554).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu i\u00e7tihadi \u00e7izgi, Yarg\u0131tay daire kararlar\u0131nda istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay 2. Ceza Dairesi, su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk hakk\u0131nda sosyal inceleme raporu al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n veya al\u0131nmamas\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi g\u00f6sterilmeksizin mahk\u00fbmiyet h\u00fckm\u00fc kurulmas\u0131n\u0131, kanun yarar\u0131na bozma nedeni saym\u0131\u015f; bu eksikli\u011fin \u00e7ocu\u011fun alg\u0131lama ve y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011finin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilememesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 2. CD, E.2022\/14624, K.2023\/1258; Yarg\u0131tay 2. CD, E.2023\/1486, K.2023\/929). <\/span>Ayn\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi kararlar\u0131nda da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Daire, on iki\u2013on be\u015f ya\u015f grubundaki \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca adli t\u0131p raporuna dayan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yeterli g\u00f6rmemekte; sosyal inceleme raporunun mutlaka dosyaya kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, ayr\u0131ca her su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, E.2021\/1582, K.2021\/8614). Bu kararlar, sosyal inceleme raporunun ceza sorumlulu\u011funun belirlenmesinde tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil, kurucu bir rol \u00fcstlendi\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan bir sorun, adli t\u0131p raporlar\u0131 ile sosyal inceleme raporlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fki bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay 6. Ceza Dairesi, bu t\u00fcr durumlarda \u00e7eli\u015fkinin giderilmesini zorunlu g\u00f6rmekte; sosyal inceleme raporunda alg\u0131lama becerisinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmesine ra\u011fmen adli t\u0131p raporunda tam geli\u015fmi\u015flik y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, ilgili ihtisas kurulundan ek rapor al\u0131nmadan h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 bozma nedeni saymaktad\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 6. CD, E.2022\/11014, K.2023\/9635). Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ceza ehliyetinin tek bir uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne indirgenemeyece\u011fini; multidisipliner bir de\u011ferlendirme gerektirdi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anayasa Mahkemesi de \u00e7ocuklara ili\u015fkin usul g\u00fcvencelerini de\u011ferlendirirken, \u00e7ocu\u011fun y\u00fcksek yarar\u0131 ilkesini merkeze almakta; \u00e7ocu\u011fun bireysel \u00f6zelliklerinin dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca bi\u00e7imsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n anayasal koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r (AYM, E.2020\/79, K.2023\/113). Bu ba\u011flamda sosyal inceleme raporu, yaln\u0131zca ceza miktar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen teknik bir belge de\u011fil; \u00e7ocu\u011fun ki\u015fili\u011finin, sosyal ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131n ve geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyinin yarg\u0131lamaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel bir g\u00fcvencedir. <\/span>Bu noktada \u00f6zellikle vurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r ki sosyal inceleme raporu, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ceza adalet sistemi i\u00e7inde \u201cnesne<\/em>\u201d de\u011fil \u201c\u00f6zne<\/em>\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. Raporsuz bir yarg\u0131lama, \u00e7ocu\u011fu soyut bir dosya unsuruna indirgerken; sosyal inceleme, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131, aile ili\u015fkilerini, e\u011fitim durumunu ve psiko-sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar. Bu nedenle sosyal inceleme raporu, \u015fekli bir prosed\u00fcr de\u011fil, maddi adaletin \u00f6n ko\u015fuludur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak 5395 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun m.35, Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 ve Anayasa Mahkemesi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; sosyal inceleme raporu, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ceza ehliyeti de\u011ferlendirmesinin vazge\u00e7ilmez bile\u015feni h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Bu raporun al\u0131nmamas\u0131 veya gerek\u00e7esiz \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca usule ili\u015fkin bir eksiklik de\u011fil; \u00e7ocu\u011fun y\u00fcksek yarar\u0131n\u0131n ihlali anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u00c7ocu\u011fun Fail Alg\u0131s\u0131 ve Su\u00e7un Hukuki Niteli\u011fi<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00c7ocuk ceza adaletinde en kritik kav\u015fak noktalar\u0131ndan biri, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi fiili nas\u0131l alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bu fiilin hukuki nitelendirilmesi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkidir. T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, \u00f6zellikle on iki-on be\u015f ya\u015f grubundaki \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, yaln\u0131zca fiilin maddi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini de\u011fil; \u00e7ocu\u011fun bu fiilin hukuki anlam ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lama kapasitesini de ceza sorumlulu\u011funun asli unsuru h\u00e2line getirmi\u015ftir (TCK m.31\/2).\u00a0<\/span>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, klasik ceza hukuku \u00f6\u011fretisindeki \u201ckusur yetene\u011fi<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel olarak yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. \u00c7ocuk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan fail olma h\u00e2li, yeti\u015fkin failden farkl\u0131 olarak salt objektif davran\u0131\u015fa de\u011fil; s\u00fcbjektif alg\u0131ya, geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyine ve sosyal ba\u011flama ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00e7ocu\u011fun eylemi ile su\u00e7 tipi aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f, mekanik bi\u00e7imde kurulamaz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 bu noktada \u00f6zellikle \u201calg\u0131lama ve y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011fi<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 merkezine almaktad\u0131r. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay 6. Ceza Dairesi, su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocu\u011fun fiilin hukuki anlam\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lama yetene\u011fine ili\u015fkin sosyal inceleme raporu ile adli t\u0131p raporu aras\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fki bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu \u00e7eli\u015fki giderilmeden h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 6. CD, E.2022\/11014, K.2023\/9635). Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00e7ocu\u011fun fail s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca kronolojik ya\u015fa indirgenemeyece\u011fini; psiko-sosyal de\u011ferlendirmeyle birlikte ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fail alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hukuki nitelendirmeye etkisi, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ok failli ve bile\u015fik su\u00e7 tiplerinde daha belirgin h\u00e2le gelmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay 6. Ceza Dairesinin nitelikli ya\u011fma dosyas\u0131nda verdi\u011fi kararda, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ah\u0131rdan kaz \u00e7alma eylemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ma\u011fdurun yaralanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine fiilin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00e2linde ya\u011fma su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015f; ancak \u00e7ocuklardan biri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan alg\u0131lama yetene\u011fine ili\u015fkin sosyal inceleme raporu ile adli t\u0131p raporu aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin giderilmemesi bozma nedeni yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 6. CD, E.2022\/11014, K.2023\/9635). Bu karar, su\u00e7 vasf\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde yaln\u0131zca olay \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fil, \u00e7ocu\u011fun bu \u00f6rg\u00fc i\u00e7indeki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn ve alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0<\/span>Benzer bi\u00e7imde Yarg\u0131tay 2. Ceza Dairesi, konut i\u00e7inden \u00e7anta al\u0131nmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin olayda, su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocu\u011fun evde bulunan \u00e7antan\u0131n misafire ait oldu\u011funu bilebilecek durumda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle, farkl\u0131 ma\u011fdurlara y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 su\u00e7 kurulamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; eylemin tek bir tamamlanm\u0131\u015f nitelikli h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 2. CD, E.2023\/1486, K.2023\/929<\/em>). Bu i\u00e7tihat, \u00e7ocu\u011fun fail alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan su\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131na ve hukuki nitelendirmeye etki etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda Yarg\u0131tay, su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocu\u011fun ma\u011fdurun konutuna girerken hangi e\u015fyaya y\u00f6nelik kast ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini, su\u00e7un te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fc yoksa tamamlanm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2l mi oldu\u011funun tayininde belirleyici kabul etmektedir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun kast\u0131n\u0131n somut olarak ortaya konulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2llerde, farkl\u0131 ma\u011fdurlar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 mahk\u00fbmiyet kurulmas\u0131 fazla ceza tayini olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 2. CD, E.2023\/1486, K.2023\/929<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Fail alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hukuki nitelendirmeye etkisi yaln\u0131zca malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7larda da Yarg\u0131tay, su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocu\u011fun ma\u011fdurun ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bilip bilmedi\u011fini, fiilin hukuki anlam\u0131n\u0131 kavray\u0131p kavramad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme yetene\u011finin geli\u015fmi\u015f olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle ara\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi, on iki-on be\u015f ya\u015f grubundaki \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan TCK m.31\/2 kapsam\u0131nda yeterli de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmadan, ayr\u0131ca sosyal inceleme raporu al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n mahk\u00fbmiyet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 bozma nedeni saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, E.2021\/1582, K.2021\/8614).\u00a0<\/span>Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00e7ocu\u011fun fail alg\u0131s\u0131, ceza sorumlulu\u011funun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar su\u00e7un t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da do\u011frudan belirleyen bir parametre h\u00e2line gelmektedir. \u00c7ocuk, fiili yeti\u015fkin gibi \u201cbilerek ve isteyerek<\/em>\u201d ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnse dahi, hukuki anlam\u0131 kavrama d\u00fczeyi yeterince ortaya konulmad\u0131k\u00e7a su\u00e7 vasf\u0131n\u0131n kesin bi\u00e7imde tayin edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. <\/span>Anayasal d\u00fczeyde bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, e\u015fitlik ilkesinin maddi boyutuyla uyumludur. \u00c7ocuklar i\u00e7in al\u0131nan \u00f6zel tedbirlerin e\u015fitlik ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n geli\u015fimsel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ceza hukuku de\u011ferlendirmesine yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 anayasal bir zorunluluktur (AYM, E.2024\/125, K.2025\/178, 10.09.2025, \u00a754).<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla \u00e7ocuk ceza hukukunda su\u00e7un hukuki niteli\u011fi, yaln\u0131zca objektif fiil tipolojisine dayan\u0131larak belirlenemez. \u00c7ocu\u011fun fail alg\u0131s\u0131; kast\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131, su\u00e7un b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck arz edip etmedi\u011fini, ma\u011fdur say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve hatta su\u00e7un te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kal\u0131p kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen temel bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctt\u00fcr. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu alg\u0131n\u0131n sosyal inceleme raporu, adli t\u0131p de\u011ferlendirmeleri ve olay\u0131n somut ko\u015fullar\u0131 birlikte ele al\u0131nmadan yap\u0131lacak nitelendirmelerin maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u00c7ocu\u011fun Ma\u011fdur Oldu\u011fu Su\u00e7larda Devletin Pozitif Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011fun ma\u011fdur oldu\u011fu su\u00e7larda ceza adalet sistemi yaln\u0131zca failin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu alanda devletin sorumlulu\u011fu, Anayasa, uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ve i\u00e7 hukuk d\u00fczenlemeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u201cpozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck<\/em>\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 temelinde \u015fekillenmektedir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, devletin yaln\u0131zca ihlallerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ocu\u011fu koruyacak etkili \u00f6nleyici, soru\u015fturucu ve iyile\u015ftirici mekanizmalar\u0131 kurmas\u0131n\u0131 da zorunlu k\u0131lar. <\/span>Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesi, \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in al\u0131nacak \u00f6zel tedbirlerin e\u015fitlik ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlemi\u015f; b\u00f6ylece \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik koruyucu politikalar\u0131n anayasal temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 41. maddesi devlete, \u00e7ocu\u011fun korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fiminin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6rev y\u00fcklemektedir. Bu normatif \u00e7er\u00e7eve, ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da devletin pasif bir hakem de\u011fil, aktif bir koruyucu akt\u00f6r oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocu\u011fun kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde daha da yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay 8. Ceza Dairesinin Denizli \u00c7ocuk Yuvas\u0131\u2019nda meydana gelen olaylara ili\u015fkin karar\u0131nda, bak\u0131c\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n bebek ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik sistematik \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u201cbir b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00e2linde eziyet su\u00e7u<\/em>\u201d olarak nitelendirilmi\u015f; kurum i\u00e7inde uzun s\u00fcre devam eden ihlallerin kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131, tan\u0131k anlat\u0131mlar\u0131 ve bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131yla sabit oldu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 8. CD, E.2016\/8491, K.2018\/563<\/em>). Bu karar, yaln\u0131zca bireysel failin de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda kurumsal denetim mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011finin de su\u00e7un s\u00fcreklili\u011fine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dolayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>S\u00f6z konusu i\u00e7tihat, \u00e7ocu\u011fun devlet korumas\u0131 alt\u0131ndayken maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc muamelelerde, \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir risk<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini de g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir. Tan\u0131k beyanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce bir\u00e7ok yaz\u0131l\u0131 ikaz yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen etkin bir idari m\u00fcdahalede bulunulmamas\u0131, devletin \u00f6nleyici y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn gere\u011fi gibi yerine getirilmedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 8. CD, E.2016\/8491, K.2018\/563<\/em>). Bu t\u00fcr durumlarda cezai sorumluluk bireysel faille s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmamakta; kurumsal ihmal de hukuki de\u011ferlendirmeye konu olmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011fun cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7larda ma\u011fdur olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde devletin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli kararlar\u0131nda, uzun yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcre\u00e7leri sonunda dava zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00fc\u015fme karar\u0131 verilmesi, \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdur a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u201cikincil ma\u011fduriyet<\/em>\u201d riskini art\u0131ran bir unsur olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, E.2021\/13322, K.2022\/2318; Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, E.2025\/1406, K.2025\/5102). Bu kararlar, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma amac\u0131yla etkin ve makul s\u00fcrede y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeyen yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n, devletin koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0<\/span>\u00d6zellikle 2025 tarihli kararda, h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n doldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle kamu davas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi, \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdur bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ceza adaletinin fiilen i\u015flevsiz kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, E.2025\/1406, K.2025\/5102<\/em>). Bu durum, usul kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdurun \u00fcst\u00fcn yarar\u0131 perspektifiyle yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir; ayn\u0131 zamanda delillerin toplanmas\u0131, ma\u011fdurun korunmas\u0131, psikososyal destek sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve failin yeniden su\u00e7 i\u015flemesini \u00f6nleyici tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 da kapsar. Kurumsal ihmallerin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu dosyalarda, kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7 incelenmesi, sosyal hizmet birimlerinin yetersiz m\u00fcdahalesi veya denetim mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flememesi, \u00e7ocu\u011fun maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarar\u0131n derinle\u015fmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>Bu ba\u011flamda \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fduriyetinde devletin sorumlulu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 katmanl\u0131d\u0131r: \u00f6nleme, etkili soru\u015fturma ve telafi. \u00d6nleme a\u015famas\u0131nda riskli ortamlar\u0131n tespiti ve denetimi; soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve kapsaml\u0131 ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131; telafi a\u015famas\u0131nda ise ma\u011fdur \u00e7ocu\u011fa y\u00f6nelik rehabilitasyon ve destek hizmetleri zorunludur. Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle kamu kurumlar\u0131nda meydana gelen vakalarda bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 8. CD, E.2016\/8491, K.2018\/563<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00e7ocu\u011fun ma\u011fdur oldu\u011fu su\u00e7larda devlet, yaln\u0131zca yarg\u0131lama yapan bir otorite de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda riskleri \u00f6ng\u00f6ren, ihlalleri \u00f6nleyen ve ma\u011fduriyetleri gideren aktif bir koruyucu akt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Kurumsal sorumluluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, bireysel failin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek sistemsel eksiklikleri de g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmakta; \u00e7ocuk ceza adaletinin insan haklar\u0131 temelli yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlulu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, Yarg\u0131laman\u0131n Etkinli\u011fi ve \u00c7ocuk Adaletinde Yap\u0131sal Sorunlar<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00c7ocuk ceza adalet sisteminde zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kurumunun uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca teknik bir muhakeme meselesi de\u011fil; do\u011frudan do\u011fruya \u00e7ocu\u011fun korunmas\u0131, adalete eri\u015fimi ve devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin yerine getirilip getirilmedi\u011fiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131sal bir sorundur. \u00d6zellikle \u00e7ocu\u011fun ma\u011fdur oldu\u011fu su\u00e7larda, uzun s\u00fcren soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma s\u00fcre\u00e7leri sonunda davan\u0131n zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00fc\u015fmesi, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemekte ve ceza adaletinin cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 i\u015flevini zay\u0131flatmaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Yarg\u0131tay 9. Ceza Dairesinin 2022 tarihli karar\u0131nda, olay tarihinde 12\u201315 ya\u015f grubunda bulunan su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocu\u011fun eylemi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulanmas\u0131 gereken dava zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresinin doldu\u011fu tespit edilerek kamu davas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine karar verilmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, E.2021\/13322, K.2022\/2318). Benzer bi\u00e7imde 2025 tarihli ba\u015fka bir kararda, h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131n da hesaba kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n doldu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015f ve \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdura ili\u015fkin cinsel istismar davas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, E.2025\/1406, K.2025\/5102).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu kararlar, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuk adaleti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ne derece kritik sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle cinsel dokunulmazl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar gibi ma\u011fdurun suskun kalabildi\u011fi, travma nedeniyle gecikmeli ba\u015fvurular\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu alanlarda, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n makul s\u00fcrede tamamlanamamas\u0131 fiilen cezas\u0131zl\u0131k sonucunu do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik koruyucu tedbirlerin etkinli\u011fiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla da \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131tay 7. Ceza Dairesinin su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk hakk\u0131nda ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin verdi\u011fi kararda ise, ilk derece mahkemesinin zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresinin hen\u00fcz dolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeden davay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulunmu\u015f ve h\u00fck\u00fcm bozulmu\u015ftur (Yarg\u0131tay 7. CD, E.2025\/2249, K.2025\/10091). Bu i\u00e7tihat, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n hem yanl\u0131\u015f erken uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n hem de ge\u00e7 uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuk adaletinde ciddi hak ihlallerine yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/span>Burada dikkat \u00e7ekici olan husus, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 hesaplamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu dosyada karma\u015f\u0131k bir usul tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ve yarg\u0131laman\u0131n esas\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. H\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, bozma sonras\u0131 yarg\u0131lama, durma s\u00fcreleri ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gibi teknik kavramlar, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n taraf oldu\u011fu davalarda s\u00fcreci daha da uzatmakta; bu da gerek ma\u011fdur gerekse su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hukuki belirsizli\u011fi derinle\u015ftirmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yap\u0131sal sorunun bir di\u011fer boyutu da yarg\u0131laman\u0131n etkinli\u011fidir. Etkin yarg\u0131lama yaln\u0131zca h\u00fck\u00fcm kurmak anlam\u0131na gelmez; delillerin zaman\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131, uzman raporlar\u0131n\u0131n gecikmeksizin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve dosyan\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fcncemede b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun ma\u011fdur oldu\u011fu dosyalarda ge\u00e7en uzun y\u0131llar, ma\u011fdurun psikolojik iyile\u015fmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131rmakta; su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise rehabilitasyon imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 fiilen ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu, \u00e7ocuk adalet sisteminde yap\u0131sal bir kapasite sorununa i\u015faret etmektedir. Bu sorun, yaln\u0131zca h\u00e2kim veya savc\u0131lar\u0131n bireysel performans\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz; uzman personel eksikli\u011fi, sosyal inceleme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin gecikmesi, adli t\u0131p raporlar\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcrede d\u00fczenlenmesi ve \u00e7ocuklara \u00f6zg\u00fc yarg\u0131lama usullerinin yeterince i\u015fletilememesi gibi sistemsel fakt\u00f6rlerle birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. <\/span>Bu ba\u011flamda zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7ocuk ceza adaletinde \u201cistisnai bir sonland\u0131rma kurumu<\/em>\u201d olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak, fiili bir tasfiye mekanizmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme riski ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Oysa \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdur bak\u0131m\u0131ndan adalete eri\u015fim, su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise bireyselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ceza ve iyile\u015ftirme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, ancak makul s\u00fcrede sonu\u00e7lanan yarg\u0131lamalarla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131, \u00e7ocuk adalet sisteminin en k\u0131r\u0131lgan alanlar\u0131ndan biridir. Bu alanda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, yaln\u0131zca s\u00fcrelerin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil; \u00e7ocuklara \u00f6zg\u00fc uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f mahkemelerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, dosya y\u00f6netiminin h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve erken a\u015famada etkin delil toplama mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Aksi h\u00e2lde, hem ma\u011fdur \u00e7ocuk hem de su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ceza adaleti sistemi telafi edilemez g\u00fcven kayb\u0131na u\u011framaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. \u00c7ocu\u011fun Ma\u011fdur ve Tan\u0131k Olarak Yarg\u0131lamadaki Konumu<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ma\u011fdur veya tan\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131yla yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar, klasik delil toplama mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, \u00f6zel usul g\u00fcvenceleri gerektiren hassas bir alan\u0131 temsil etmektedir. Bu alan, yaln\u0131zca bireysel korunma ihtiyac\u0131na de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda devletin etkin soru\u015fturma y\u00fcr\u00fctme, ikincil travmay\u0131 \u00f6nleme ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00fcst\u00fcn yarar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine temas etmektedir. T\u00fcrk ceza muhakemesi sistemi bu hassasiyeti normatif d\u00fczeyde kabul etmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte, uygulamada par\u00e7al\u0131, gecikmeli ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u015fekli kalan bir koruma rejimi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

5271 say\u0131l\u0131 Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu\u2019nda \u00e7ocu\u011fun ma\u011fdur veya tan\u0131k olarak yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarg\u0131lamalara \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczenlemeler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. CMK m.236, \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n ve tan\u0131klar\u0131n ifadelerinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca uzman e\u015fli\u011finde al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, uygun ortamda dinlenmesini ve tekrar eden beyan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden korunmas\u0131n\u0131 hedeflemektedir. Ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda, tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin genel \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi \u00e7izen CMK m.52, \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan geni\u015fletici yorumlanmas\u0131 gereken bir g\u00fcvence alan\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenlemelerin ortak amac\u0131, \u00e7ocu\u011fun beyan\u0131n\u0131n tek seferde, g\u00fcvenli ve destekleyici bir ortamda al\u0131nmas\u0131; \u00e7apraz sorgu benzeri y\u00fczle\u015ftirici y\u00f6ntemlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun adli s\u00fcrecin aktif bir \u00f6znesi de\u011fil, korunmas\u0131 gereken bir birey olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ne var ki uygulamada bu g\u00fcvencelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u015fekli kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun ifadesinin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalarda tekrar tekrar al\u0131nmas\u0131, kolluk-savc\u0131l\u0131k-mahkeme \u00fc\u00e7geninde ayn\u0131 olay\u0131n farkl\u0131 ki\u015filerce yeniden sorgulanmas\u0131 ve uzman e\u015fli\u011finin istisnai hale gelmesi, CMK\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201ctek seferde ifade<\/em>\u201d ilkesini fiilen i\u015flevsizle\u015ftirmektedir. Bu durum, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 travman\u0131n yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcreci boyunca yeniden \u00fcretilmesine yol a\u00e7makta; ikincil ma\u011fduriyet yap\u0131sal bir sorun haline gelmektedir. <\/span>Bu noktada \u00c7ocuk \u0130zlem Merkezleri (\u00c7\u0130M), teorik olarak sistemin merkez\u00ee koruma mekanizmas\u0131 olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 koordinasyonunda faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u00c7\u0130M\u2019ler, \u00e7ocu\u011fun beyan\u0131n\u0131n adli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme teknikleri kullan\u0131larak, uzmanlar e\u015fli\u011finde ve tek merkezde al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Modelin temel varsay\u0131m\u0131; adli, psikolojik ve sosyal de\u011ferlendirmelerin b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun farkl\u0131 kurumlar aras\u0131nda dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye prati\u011finde \u00c7\u0130M\u2019lerin co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, personel yetersizli\u011fi ve adli makamlarla kurulan zay\u0131f entegrasyon nedeniyle bu merkezlerin \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131zca teknik bir durak haline geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun ifadesi \u00c7\u0130M\u2019de al\u0131nsa dahi, sonraki a\u015famalarda yeniden dinlenmesi yayg\u0131n bir uygulamaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f; b\u00f6ylece \u00c7\u0130M modeli, ikincil travmay\u0131 \u00f6nleyici asli i\u015flevini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi i\u00e7tihad\u0131, \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n ve tan\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 devletin pozitif usul y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ele almaktad\u0131r. Mahkeme, \u00f6zellikle cinsel su\u00e7lar ba\u011flam\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi i\u00e7tihatlarda, soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturman\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bi\u00e7imsel olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini yeterli g\u00f6rmemekte; s\u00fcrecin ma\u011fdurun k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alan, etkili ve duyarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde i\u015fletilmesini aramaktad\u0131r. M.C. v. Bulgaria<\/em><\/a> karar\u0131nda Mahkeme, \u00e7ocu\u011fa y\u00f6nelik cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131 iddialar\u0131nda devletin pasif kalamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, delil toplama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn aktif bi\u00e7imde yerine getirilmesi gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015f; ma\u011fdurun ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ve psikolojik durumunun soru\u015fturma y\u00f6ntemlerini belirlemesi gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Benzer \u015fekilde S.N. v. Sweden<\/em><\/a> karar\u0131nda, \u00e7ocu\u011fun faille y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelmeye zorlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ve uygun destek mekanizmalar\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131n\u0131n adil yarg\u0131lanma dengesi i\u00e7inde dahi kabul edilemeyece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu i\u00e7tihatlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, T\u00fcrk ceza muhakemesi sisteminin temel sorunu norm eksikli\u011finden ziyade uygulama kapasitesinin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. CMK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve \u00c7\u0130M modeli teorik olarak A\u0130HM standartlar\u0131yla uyumlu bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n uzun s\u00fcrmesi, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na yakla\u015fan dosyalar, tekrar eden ifade s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve kurumsal koordinasyon eksikli\u011fi, \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00fcst\u00fcn yarar\u0131 ilkesini fiilen a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kurumunun \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fduriyetleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131sal risk (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, 2022\/2318; 2025\/5102<\/em>) ile sosyal inceleme ve uzman de\u011ferlendirmelerinin ihmal edilmesi (Yarg\u0131tay 2. CD, 2023\/1258; Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, 2021\/8614<\/em>), bu k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 tezah\u00fcrleridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdur ve tan\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin mevcut sistem, normatif olarak \u201c\u00e7ocuk merkezli<\/em>\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte, pratikte h\u00e2l\u00e2 yeti\u015fkin ceza muhakemesi refleksleriyle i\u015flemektedir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun beyan\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131zca delil \u00fcretme arac\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmakta; psikolojik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n tali bir unsuru haline gelmektedir. Oysa A\u0130HM standartlar\u0131 ve i\u00e7 hukukta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen mekanizmalar birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda korunmas\u0131 tali bir sosyal politika de\u011fil, do\u011frudan hukuki bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck olarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

8. Ceza Hukukunda \u00c7ocuk Merkezli Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve \u0130yile\u015ftirme Alanlar\u0131 <\/span><\/h3>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma boyunca ceza hukuku sisteminde \u00e7ocu\u011fun hem fail hem ma\u011fdur hem de tan\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131yla yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar, normatif \u00e7er\u00e7eve ile yarg\u0131sal uygulama aras\u0131ndaki gerilim hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinden ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nceleme, mevzuat d\u00fczeyinde \u00e7ocuk merkezli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n benimsendi\u011fini; ancak uygulamada bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u015fekli kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, 5395 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu ve 5271 say\u0131l\u0131 Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, \u00e7ocu\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir koruma rejimi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ceza ehliyeti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ya\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sorumluluk modeli (TCK m.31), sosyal inceleme raporu zorunlulu\u011fu (5395 s. Kanun m.35), \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdur ve tan\u0131klar i\u00e7in \u00f6zel ifade usulleri (CMK m.236) ve \u00c7ocuk \u0130zlem Merkezleri bu mimarinin temel unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131, bu normatif yap\u0131n\u0131n sahada istikrarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde i\u015fletilemedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sosyal inceleme raporunun al\u0131nmamas\u0131 veya gerek\u00e7esiz bi\u00e7imde d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131, \u00e7ocu\u011fun fiilin hukuki anlam ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lama kapasitesinin soyut varsay\u0131mlarla de\u011ferlendirilmesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r (Yarg\u0131tay 2. CD, 2023\/1258; Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, 2021\/8614<\/em>). Bu durum, \u00e7ocuk ceza sorumlulu\u011funu bireyselle\u015ftirme amac\u0131n\u0131 fiilen ortadan kald\u0131rmakta; yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcreci yeti\u015fkin san\u0131k mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na indirgenmektedir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, \u00e7ocu\u011fun fail alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f kurulmas\u0131 veya tek fiilin birden fazla su\u00e7 olarak par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 suretiyle fazla ceza tayin edilmesi, \u00e7ocuk adaletinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesini zedeleyen uygulamalara \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 2. CD, 2023\/929<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011fun ma\u011fdur oldu\u011fu dosyalarda ise sistemin en k\u0131r\u0131lgan y\u00f6n\u00fc, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve yarg\u0131laman\u0131n etkinli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki yap\u0131sal gerilimdir. Payla\u015f\u0131lan kararlar, \u00f6zellikle cinsel su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uzun s\u00fcren soru\u015fturmalar ve h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi ara kurumlar nedeniyle kamu davalar\u0131n\u0131n zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015febildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 9. CD, 2022\/2318; 2025\/5102<\/em>). Bu tablo, ma\u011fdur \u00e7ocu\u011fun adalete eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 fiilen anlams\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getiremedi\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Burada sorun m\u00fcnferit dosya hatalar\u0131ndan ziyade, \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fduriyetlerini \u00f6nceliklendiremeyen yarg\u0131sal i\u015fleyi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk ma\u011fdur ve tan\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik CMK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve \u00c7ocuk \u0130zlem Merkezleri modeli teorik olarak A\u0130HM standartlar\u0131yla uyumlu bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunsa da uygulamada par\u00e7al\u0131 bir yap\u0131 sergilemektedir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun ifadesinin farkl\u0131 mercilerde tekrar tekrar al\u0131nmas\u0131, uzman e\u015fli\u011finin istisnai hale gelmesi ve \u00c7\u0130M\u2019lerin b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl merkezler yerine teknik duraklara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, ikincil travmay\u0131 sistematik bir olguya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedir. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin M.C. v. Bulgaria<\/em> ve S.N. v. Sweden<\/em> kararlar\u0131nda vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdurlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan devletin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca yarg\u0131lama a\u00e7makla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmay\u0131p, s\u00fcreci \u00e7ocu\u011fun k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 esas alan aktif ve duyarl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi de kapsamaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk uygulamas\u0131 ise bu standartlara hen\u00fcz yap\u0131sal d\u00fczeyde yakla\u015fabilmi\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu noktada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan temel sorun, T\u00fcrk ceza hukukunda \u00e7ocu\u011fa ili\u015fkin koruman\u0131n normatif olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, kurumsal olarak da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve uygulama bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zay\u0131f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Sistem, \u00e7ocu\u011fu teoride merkeze almakta; pratikte ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 yeti\u015fkin ceza adaletinin refleksleriyle i\u015flemektedir. Sosyal inceleme raporu \u00e7o\u011fu zaman formaliteye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekte, \u00c7\u0130M modeli yarg\u0131sal s\u00fcrece entegre edilememekte, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fduriyetlerinde yap\u0131sal bir cezas\u0131zl\u0131k arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. <\/span>Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00e7ocuk merkezli ceza adaletinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 temel iyile\u015ftirme alan\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Birincisi, sosyal inceleme raporu ve psikososyal de\u011ferlendirmelerin istisna de\u011fil kural haline getirilmesi ve rapor al\u0131nmamas\u0131n\u0131n ciddi bir hukuki sakatl\u0131k olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, \u00e7ocuk ma\u011fdur dosyalar\u0131nda zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 rejiminin yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi ve yarg\u0131laman\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zel usul mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesidir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise \u00c7ocuk \u0130zlem Merkezlerinin yaln\u0131zca ifade al\u0131nan yerler de\u011fil, soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturmay\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren merkez\u00ee akt\u00f6rler haline getirilmesidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak T\u00fcrk ceza hukuku, \u00e7ocuk alan\u0131nda ileri say\u0131labilecek normatif ara\u00e7lara sahip olmakla birlikte, bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 tutarl\u0131 bir sistem mimarisi i\u00e7inde i\u015fletmekte zorlanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fun \u00fcst\u00fcn yarar\u0131 ilkesi, h\u00e2len \u00e7o\u011fu dosyada soyut bir referans olarak kalmakta; somut yarg\u0131sal prati\u011fe yeterince n\u00fcfuz edememektedir. Ger\u00e7ek anlamda \u00e7ocuk merkezli bir ceza adaleti i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan \u015fey yeni kavramlar de\u011fil, mevcut normlar\u0131n kararl\u0131l\u0131kla uygulanmas\u0131, kurumsal entegrasyonun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun yaln\u0131zca hukukun konusu de\u011fil, \u00f6znesi olarak kabul edildi\u011fi bir yarg\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn in\u015fa edilmesidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

Referans: B\u0131\u00e7ak, Vahit (2026) \u201cSu\u00e7 ve Ceza Adalet Sisteminde \u00c7ocuk\u201d, https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/suc-ceza-adalet-sisteminde-cocuk<\/a>\/\u00a0Prgf . __., Eri\u015fim Tarihi: \u2026,<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc PYD\/PKK\u2019n\u0131n, Zeytin Dal\u0131 Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019nda Mehmet\u00e7ik\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 silahland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ele ge\u00e7irilen foto\u011fraf makinelerinde, \u00e7ok say\u0131da silahl\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc bulundu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30593,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-fullwidth.php","format":"standard","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[740,739,793],"tags":[24257,24305,24294,24293,24286,24287,24309,24300,24308,24325,24289,24256,24301,24280,24263,24271,24262,24258,24312,24321,24313,24254,24252,24319,24329,24324,24317,24282,24292,24270,24314,24285,24274,24318,24315,24302,24322,24281,24288,24279,24323,24284,24259,24316,24327,24269,24303,24278,24311,24307,24290,24275,24328,24299,24266,24310,24276,24272,24295,24260,24306,24277,24304,24296,24298,24291,24297,24283,24267,24265,24264,24253,24320,24268,24261,24255,24273,24326],"class_list":["post-13047","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-hukuku","category-gorusler-dusunceler","category-gorusler","tag-5395-sayili-cocuk-koruma-kanunu","tag-adli-tip-cocuk-raporu","tag-aihm-cocuk-adaleti-ictihadi","tag-aihm-cocuk-magdur-kararlari","tag-anayasa-m10-cocuk-esitligi","tag-anayasa-m41-cocuklarin-korunmasi","tag-anayasa-mahkemesi-cocuk-basit-yargilama-karari","tag-bakici-siddeti-yargitay","tag-basit-yargilama-cocuklar-uygulanir-mi","tag-bicak-hukuk-cocuk-ceza","tag-cmk-cocuk-magdur-hukumleri","tag-cmk-cocuk-yargilamasi","tag-cocuga-eziyet-yargitay-karari","tag-cocugun-cinsel-istismari-zamanasimi","tag-cocugun-davranis-yonlendirme-kapasitesi","tag-cocugun-fail-algisi","tag-cocugun-hukuki-algilama-yetenegi","tag-cocuk-adalet-sistemi-turkiye","tag-cocuk-adaletinde-yapisal-sorunlar","tag-cocuk-ceza-davalari-hukuk-burosu","tag-cocuk-ceza-davalarinda-yargilama-suresi","tag-cocuk-ceza-ehliyeti","tag-cocuk-ceza-hukuku","tag-cocuk-ceza-hukuku-akademik-analiz","tag-cocuk-ceza-hukuku-makale","tag-cocuk-ceza-hukuku-uzmani","tag-cocuk-ceza-reformu-turkiye","tag-cocuk-davalarinda-zamanasimi-sorunu","tag-cocuk-dostu-adalet-sistemi","tag-cocuk-dosyalarinda-adli-tip-raporu","tag-cocuk-dosyalarinda-gecikme-sorunu","tag-cocuk-haklari-ceza-hukuku","tag-cocuk-hirsizlik-yargitay-kararlari","tag-cocuk-hukuku-guncel-yargitay-kararlari","tag-cocuk-istismari-davalarinda-cezasizlik","tag-cocuk-istismari-delil-degerlendirmesi","tag-cocuk-istismari-hukuki-danismanlik","tag-cocuk-istismari-yargitay-bozma","tag-cocuk-izlem-merkezi-cim","tag-cocuk-magdur-ceza-hukuku","tag-cocuk-magdur-dava-sureci","tag-cocuk-magdur-devletin-pozitif-yukumlulugu","tag-cocuk-merkezli-ceza-adaleti","tag-cocuk-merkezli-hukuk-yaklasimi","tag-cocuk-suclari-ictihat-derlemesi","tag-cocuk-suclarinda-bilirkisi-raporu","tag-cocuk-suclarinda-delil-standardi","tag-cocuk-suclarinda-orantililik-ilkesi","tag-cocuk-suclarinda-savunma-hakki","tag-cocuk-suclarinda-usul-guvenceleri","tag-cocuk-tanik-yargilama-usulleri","tag-cocuk-yagma-sucu-ictihat","tag-cocuk-yargilamasi-hukuki-rehber","tag-cocuk-yuvasi-eziyet-sucu","tag-cocuklar-hakkinda-sir-alinmamasi","tag-cocuklar-icin-ozel-yargilama-rejimi","tag-cocuklarda-kast-degerlendirmesi","tag-cocuklarda-suc-vasfi-hatasi","tag-cocuklarin-adil-yargilanma-hakki","tag-cocuklarin-ceza-sorumlulugu","tag-cocuklarin-ceza-sorumlulugu-degerlendirmesi","tag-cocuklarin-ceza-sorumlulugunda-olcululuk","tag-cocuklarin-cezai-ehliyeti-raporu","tag-cocuklarin-korunmasi-ceza-hukuku","tag-devletin-pozitif-yukumlulugu-cocuk","tag-ikincil-travmanin-onlenmesi","tag-kurumsal-ihmal-cocuk-davalari","tag-olaganustu-zamanasimi-cocuk-suclari","tag-sosyal-inceleme-raporu-hukuki-niteligi","tag-sosyal-inceleme-raporu-yargitay-kararlari","tag-sosyal-inceleme-raporu-zorunlulugu","tag-suca-suruklenen-cocuk","tag-suca-suruklenen-cocuk-avukati","tag-suca-suruklenen-cocuk-yargitay-ictihatlari","tag-tck-31-yas-kucuklugu","tag-tck-cocuk-hukumleri","tag-tek-fiilden-coklu-mahkumiyet","tag-turkiye-cocuk-adalet-sistemi-analizi"],"yoast_head":"\nSu\u00e7 ve Ceza Adalet Sisteminde \u00c7ocuk | B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Su\u00e7 Ceza Adalet Sistemi \u00c7ocuk Fail Ma\u011fdur Yarg\u0131lama Soru\u015fturma \u00c7ocuk Dostu Ceza Adaleti Su\u00e7a S\u00fcr\u00fcklenen Avukat Hukuk B\u00fcrosu ehliyeti Koruma\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/suc-ceza-adalet-sisteminde-cocuk\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Su\u00e7 ve Ceza Adalet Sisteminde \u00c7ocuk %\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc PYD\/PKK\u2019n\u0131n, Zeytin Dal\u0131 Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019nda Mehmet\u00e7ik\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 silahland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ele ge\u00e7irilen foto\u011fraf makinelerinde, \u00e7ok say\u0131da silahl\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc bulundu.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/suc-ceza-adalet-sisteminde-cocuk\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bicakhukuk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-03-09T22:04:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-26T21:29:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Suc-ve-Ceza-Adalet-Sisteminde-Cocuk.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk\" \/>\n<meta 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\u00a9 2026\u00a0Prof. Dr. Vahit B\u0131\u00e7ak<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk B\u00fcrosu<\/a> – T\u00fcm haklar\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu makale, say\u0131n Prof. Dr. Vahit B\u0131\u00e7ak<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan www.bicakhukuk.com<\/a> sitesinde yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaynak g\u00f6sterilse dahi makalenin tamam\u0131 \u00f6zel izin al\u0131nmadan kullan\u0131lamaz. Ancak al\u0131nt\u0131lanan makalenin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, aktif link verilerek kullan\u0131labilir. Yazar\u0131 ve kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmeden k\u0131smen ya da tamamen yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 \u015fahsi haklara ve fikri haklara ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil eder.<\/span><\/p>\n