{"id":3099,"date":"2014-12-26T18:57:04","date_gmt":"2014-12-26T16:57:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/bicak-hukuk\/faaliyet-alanlarimiz\/sektorler\/enerji-tabii-kaynaklar\/"},"modified":"2018-08-08T10:37:58","modified_gmt":"2018-08-08T07:37:58","slug":"enerji-tabii-kaynaklar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/faaliyet-alanlarimiz\/sektorler\/enerji-tabii-kaynaklar\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0415nergie und Naturelle Resourcen"},"content":{"rendered":"

Akaryak\u0131t (Petrol) Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, petrol\u00fcn aran\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, rafinerilerde i\u015flenmesi ve \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bayilere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bayiler taraf\u0131ndan da perakende sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmas\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren kademeli bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de petrol piyasas\u0131 faaliyetleri \u00a05015 say\u0131l\u0131 Petrol Piyasas\u0131 Kanunu\u2019na g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte, bu d\u00fczenleme kapsam\u0131nda yer verilmeyen, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle piyasa faaliyeti olarak nitelendirilmeyen arama ve \u00fcretim faaliyetleri ise 6491 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Petrol Kanunu\u2019nda d\u00fczenlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Benzin, motorin, kalorifer yak\u0131t\u0131, fuel \u00a0oil, y\u00fcksek k\u00fck\u00fcrtl\u00fc fuel oil, gazya\u011f\u0131 gibi petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00fcretimi, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 konular\u0131nda lisans al\u0131nmas\u0131, lisans sahiplerinin Enerji Piyasas\u0131 D\u00fczenleme Kurumu<\/strong> (EPDK) gibi d\u00fczenleyici kurulu\u015flar nezdinde temsili, petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretim, ithalat, ihracat, yurti\u00e7i sat\u0131\u015flar, ihrakiye sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve bayiler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131lan sat\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, etkin ve verimli y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilmesi derin \u00a0hukuki bilgi ve tecr\u00fcbe gerektiren konulard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Petrol \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong> nezdinde petrol arama ve i\u015fletme ruhsat\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rma izni i\u015flemleri, ba\u015fvurular\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve takibi, ruhsatland\u0131rma, tescil ve ilan, raporlama, saha verilerinin toplanmas\u0131, petrol haklar\u0131n\u0131n devri, teminatlar\u0131n iadesi, devlet hissesi, kullanma hakk\u0131, tesislerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, vergilendirme, sermaye ve k\u00e2r transferleri, malzeme ithalat ve ihracat\u0131, denizde petrol arama faaliyetleriyle ilgili izin i\u015flemleri, m\u00fcteahhitlik s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, yabanc\u0131 personel \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma izin i\u015flemleri, karot, k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131 ve numune ihra\u00e7 izinleri gibi petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyette bulunan \u015firketlerin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu konular faaliyet alanlar\u0131m\u0131z aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yurt i\u00e7inde ve gerekti\u011finde yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda arama, sondaj, \u00fcretim, ta\u015f\u0131ma, depolama ve rafinaj gibi t\u00fcm petrol faaliyetlerini yapmak \u00fczere kurulmu\u015f bulunan T\u00fcrkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> (TPAO), petrol piyasas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6rlerinden olan \u0130ktisadi Devlet Te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcr.\u00a0\u00d6ncelikle Irak, Suriye, Libya, Sudan, Yemen, Rusya, Azerbaycan, T\u00fcrkmenistan, \u00d6zbekistan, Kazakistan, Kolombiya, Venez\u00fcella, Bolivya ve Ekvador gibi d\u00fcnya petrol rezervlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 elinde bulunduran \u00fclkelerde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin arama faaliyetlerini art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte olan Turkish Petroleum International Compnay<\/strong> (TIPIC) \u00a0petrol piyasas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6rlerinden olan di\u011fer bir \u0130ktisadi Devlet Te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen davalardan baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler \u015f\u00f6yledir;<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ersiz marker i\u00e7eren ka\u00e7ak akaryak\u0131t<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Petrol istasyonlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan denetimlerde pompalardan al\u0131nan motorinlerin ge\u00e7ersiz marker seviyesinde \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, ge\u00e7ersiz marker \u00e7\u0131kan pompalar\u0131n ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu tankerlerde yap\u0131lan incelemelerde tanklardaki motorinlerin ge\u00e7ersiz marker seviyesinde \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi ve usul\u00fcne uygun \u015fahit numuneler al\u0131nmas\u0131, numune alma tutana\u011f\u0131, m\u00fch\u00fcrleme tutana\u011f\u0131, ulusal marker tespit tutana\u011f\u0131 gibi tutanaklara dayan\u0131larak G\u00fcmr\u00fck ve Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcmr\u00fck Muhafaza Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve \u0130stihbarat M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nce fezleke d\u00fczenlenebilir. \u00a0Tanklarda bulunan markers\u0131z motorine Cumhuriyet Ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 emri ile el konulabilir, el koyma karar\u0131 Sulh Ceza Hakimli\u011fi\u2019nin karar\u0131yla onaylanabilir. Bilirki\u015fi raporunda; \u015fahit numuneler \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan incelemede el konulan motorinlerin ulusal marker seviyesi ge\u00e7ersiz bulundu\u011fundan \u201cka\u00e7ak \u00fcr\u00fcn\u201d niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu ifade edilebilir. \u00a0B\u00f6yle durumlarda, Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla M\u00fccadele Kanuna Muhalefet su\u00e7u i\u015flendi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan su\u00e7 soru\u015fturmas\u0131 veya ceza davalar\u0131 takip etti\u011fimiz konular aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

On Numara Ya\u011f:<\/strong><\/p>\n

5015 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa\u2019n\u0131n ka\u00e7ak\u00a0petrol\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 2. maddesinin 21. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n c bendi h\u00fckm\u00fc; \u201cKurumdan izin al\u0131nmadan; akaryak\u0131t haricinde kalan solvent, madeni ve baz ya\u011f, asfalt, solvent nafta ve benzeri\u00a0petrol\u00a0\u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden elde edilen akaryak\u0131t ya da akaryak\u0131ta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek maksad\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan veya bulun\u00addurulan akaryak\u0131t haricinde kalan solvent, madeni ya\u011f ve baz ya\u011f, asfalt, solvent nafta ve benzeri\u00a0petrol\u00a0\u00fcr\u00fcnlerini<\/em>\u201d ka\u00e7ak\u00a0petrol\u00a0kapsam\u0131 i\u00e7inde sa\u00adymaktad\u0131r. Halk aras\u0131nda on numara ya\u011f olarak bilinen, akaryak\u0131ta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f\u00a0petrol\u00a0\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda petrol ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7unun olu\u015fup olu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca on numara ya\u011f\u0131 satan ki\u015finin mi su\u00e7 i\u015flemi\u015f say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, yoksa ayn\u0131 zamanda ticari ama\u00e7la kullanmak \u00fczere on numara ya\u011f\u0131 sat\u0131n alan veya bulunduran ki\u015finin de hukuki ve cezai sorumlulu\u011fu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yakalanan on numara ya\u011f\u0131n vergiler dahil piyasa de\u011ferinin \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 para cezas\u0131n\u0131n EPDK taraf\u0131ndan uygulan\u0131p uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131, idari para cezas\u0131na ilave olarak hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n da verilip verilemeyece\u011fi gibi hukuk uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel konular\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Petrol boru hatt\u0131ndan h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k & Petrol boru hatt\u0131na zarar verme<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun konusu petrol olmas\u0131 durumunda ve petrol\u00fcn nakline, i\u015flenmesine veya depolanmas\u0131na ait tesislerde i\u015flenmesi halinde, be\u015f y\u0131ldan oniki y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Petrol h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn faaliyeti \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde i\u015flenmesi halinde, cezan\u0131n yar\u0131 oran\u0131nda art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve on bin g\u00fcne kadar adl\u00ee para cezas\u0131 verilmesi uygulamas\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. Petrol boru hatt\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131smen veya tamamen y\u0131kan, tahrip eden, yok eden, bozan, kullan\u0131lamaz hale getiren ki\u015fiye mala zarar verme su\u00e7u i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u201cd\u00f6rt aydan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131la kadar hapis veya adl\u00ee para cezas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n, yar\u0131s\u0131ndan iki kat\u0131na kadar art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Petrol Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Akaryak\u0131t ve petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin\u00a0kara ve\/veya deniz yoluyla yurda yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yollardan sokularak sat\u0131lmas\u0131, ihra\u00e7 veya \u00f6zel ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken vergisiz akaryak\u0131t veya LPG\u2019nin ka\u00e7ak olarak yurt i\u00e7inde pazarlanmas\u0131, petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fczerindeki vergi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan yararlanmak amac\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, solvent, baz ya\u011f ve at\u0131k madeni ya\u011flar\u0131n yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak akaryak\u0131ta kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak sat\u0131lmas\u0131,\u00a0\u00d6TV fark\u0131ndan yararlanmak amac\u0131 ile d\u00f6kme\/t\u00fcpl\u00fc olarak al\u0131nan LPG\u2019nin Oto LPG olarak sat\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Do\u011falgaz Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Do\u011fal gaz; havadan hafif, renksiz ve kokusuz bir gazd\u0131r. Yer alt\u0131nda, petrol\u00fcn yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunur. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 petrolle ayn\u0131d\u0131r, daha sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck boru hatlar\u0131 ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.\u00a0Do\u011fal gaz rezervlerinin 76 trilyon metrek\u00fcp\u00fc (%41) Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde, 59 trilyon metrek\u00fcp\u00fc (%33) Rusya ve Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler Toplulu\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde, 31 trilyon metrek\u00fcp\u00fc (%17) Afrika\/Asya Pasifik \u00fclkelerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye halihaz\u0131rda do\u011fal gaz al\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak T\u00fcrkmenistan dahil toplam 6 \u00fclke ile 9 ayr\u0131 do\u011fal gaz ve\/veya LNG al\u0131m ve sat\u0131m anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. \u0130thal edilen do\u011fal gaz\u0131n t\u00fcketim noktalar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve do\u011fal gaz\u0131n \u00fclke sath\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in BOTA\u015e taraf\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,9 milyar dolar yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye do\u011fal gaz piyasas\u0131n\u0131n hukuki altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan 4646 say\u0131l\u0131 Do\u011fal Gaz Piyasas\u0131 Kanunu (Kanun) olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011falgaz ithalat\u0131, iletimi, depolamas\u0131, toptan sat\u0131\u015f\u0131, ihracat\u0131, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011fal gaz (CNG) da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve iletimi gibi faaliyetler lisans al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu lisanslar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 hukuk b\u00fcromuzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal gaz arama ve \u00fcretim faaliyetleri, 6326 say\u0131l\u0131 Petrol Kanununa g\u00f6re Petrol \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (P\u0130GM) taraf\u0131ndan verilen arama ve i\u015fletme ruhsatlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. \u00dcretim \u015firketleri \u00fcrettikleri do\u011fal gaz\u0131 EPDK\u2019dan toptan sat\u0131\u015f lisans\u0131 almak kayd\u0131yla toptan sat\u0131\u015f \u015firketlerine, ithalat\u00e7\u0131 \u015firketlere, ihracat\u00e7\u0131 \u015firketlere, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketlerine, kuyu ba\u015f\u0131ndan olmak kayd\u0131yla CNG sat\u0131\u015f \u015firketleri ile CNG iletim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketlerine veya serbest t\u00fcketicilere pazarlayabilir. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00fcretim \u015firketleri ihracat lisans\u0131 almak kayd\u0131yla \u00fcrettikleri do\u011fal gaz\u0131 ihra\u00e7 da edebilirler. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde firmalar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu hukuki destek taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

LPG Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yayg\u0131n olarak „t\u00fcpgaz“ ad\u0131yla bilinen LPG (s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f petrol gaz\u0131),\u00a0\u00fclkemizde 1960 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri kullan\u0131lmakta, 10 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n hane ve i\u015f yerinde yemek pi\u015firme, s\u0131cak su temin etme ve \u0131s\u0131nma, sanayi i\u015fletmelerinde \u0131s\u0131tma, kurutma ve ayd\u0131nlatma amac\u0131yla t\u00fcketilmektedir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 3,3 milyon ara\u00e7ta ise otogaz yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0LPG renksiz ve kokusuz bir gazd\u0131r. Ancak olu\u015fabilecek bir s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n hemen anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in rafinerilerde \u00f6zellikle kokuland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ham petrol\u00fcn, rafinelerde ar\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ile veya do\u011falgazdan elde edilen LPG, \u00e7elik t\u00fcplere doldurularak t\u00fcketiciye sunulur. Gaz\u0131n bile\u015fimi %70 b\u00fctan, %30 propan’d\u0131r. Havadan a\u011f\u0131r yan\u0131c\u0131 bir gazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

02.03.2005 tarihli ve 5307 say\u0131l\u0131\u00a0S\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Petrol Gazlar\u0131 (LPG) Piyasas\u0131 Kanunu, LPG sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen temel metindir. LPG piyasas\u0131nda lisanslama, S\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Petrol Gazlar\u0131 (LPG) Piyasas\u0131 Lisans Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Likit Petrol Gaz\u0131n\u0131n temini, depolanmas\u0131, nakliyesi ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek hukuki sorunlar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, \u00e7\u0131kan hukuki sorunlar\u0131n giderilmesi,\u00a0LPG Piyasas\u0131 Lisanslar\u0131 ve lisans tadilleriyle ilgili ba\u015fvurular\u0131n takibi, lisans sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan kuruma yap\u0131lacak bildirimlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131,\u00a0LPG\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve otogaz bayilik faaliyetlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, depolanmas\u0131, LPG t\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fcn imalat\u0131, dolumu, muayenesi, tamiri ve bak\u0131m\u0131 amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f tesislerin i\u015fletilmesi a\u015famalar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek hukuksal sorunlar\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yoluyla \u00f6nlenmesi veya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131n hukuki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 hizmet sundu\u011fumuz konular aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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K\u00f6m\u00fcr Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019da k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn toplam enerji arz\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki pay\u0131 artma e\u011filimdedir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00fcretiminde, a\u00e7\u0131k i\u015fletmecilik ve yeralt\u0131 i\u015fletmecili\u011fi olmak \u00fczere iki temel y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00fczeye yak\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcr olu\u015fumlar\u0131 ekonomik nedenlerle a\u00e7\u0131k i\u015fletmecilik y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00fcretilmekteyken, derin k\u00f6m\u00fcr damarlar\u0131 yeralt\u0131 i\u015fletmecili\u011fi y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k i\u015fletmecilik y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00fcretilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr olu\u015fumlar\u0131nda dragline, b\u00fcy\u00fck kapasiteli kaz\u0131c\u0131lar, y\u00fckleyiciler ve kamyonlar kullan\u0131lmakta, yeralt\u0131 i\u015fletmecilik y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00fcretilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr olu\u015fumlar\u0131nda kaz\u0131lan bo\u015flu\u011fu g\u00f6\u00e7meden tutabilecek hidrolik tahkimatlar, k\u00f6m\u00fcr kaz\u0131c\u0131lar ve nakledici konvey\u00f6rler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Hidro-Elektrik (Su) (HES) Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Hidroelektrik enerji, suyun potansiyel enerjisinin kinetik enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle sa\u011flanan bir enerji t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Suyun \u00fcst seviyelerden alt seviyelere d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerji, t\u00fcrbinlerin d\u00f6nmesini sa\u011flamakta ve elektrik enerjisi elde edilmektedir<\/p>\n

Hidroelektrik g\u00fc\u00e7 sistemleri d\u00f6rt grupta s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki olan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli hidroelektrik sistemlerin g\u00fcc\u00fc 50 MW\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerindedir. \u0130kincisi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli hidroelektrik sistemler olup g\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeleri 10-50 MW aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, mini \u00f6l\u00e7ekli hidroelektrik sistemler olup 101 kW ile 10.000 kW g\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, mikro \u00f6l\u00e7ekli hidroelektrik sistemler olup g\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeleri, 200 wattan ba\u015flayarak 100 KW\u2019a kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilen ana yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinden uzaktaki alanlarda yani ulusal enerji \u015febekesinin ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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N\u00fckleer Enerji Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 sonucunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131r atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinin n\u00f6tronlarla bombard\u0131man\u0131 sonucunda bu \u00e7ekirdeklerin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 sa\u011flanabilir; bu tepkimeye „fisyon“ ad\u0131 verilmektedir. Bunun haricinde hafif atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinin birle\u015fme tepkimeleri de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerjinin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Bu birle\u015fme tepkimesine „f\u00fczyon“ ad\u0131 verilmektedir. Bu tepkimenin sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in atom \u00e7ekirde\u011finde bulunan art\u0131 y\u00fcklerin birbirini itmesinden kaynaklanan kuvvetin yenilmesi gereklidir. Bu nedenle \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan sistemler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta y\u00fcksek enerjiye ula\u015fan atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile f\u00fczyon tepkimesi sa\u011flanabilmektedir. Fisyon ve f\u00fczyon tepkimeleri ile elde edilen enerjiye „\u00e7ekirdek enerjisi“ veya „n\u00fckleer enerji“ ad\u0131 verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 Atom Enerjisi Ajans\u0131 (UAEA) verilerine g\u00f6re g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyada elektrik\u00a0enerjisi \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 13,5\u2019i n\u00fckleer enerjiden sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Fransa elektrik \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 74\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc, Japonya y\u00fczde 21\u2019ini, Almanya y\u00fczde 16\u2019s\u0131n\u0131, ABD y\u00fczde 19\u2019unu n\u00fckleer enerjiden kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0\u00dclkemizde, 2023 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar iki n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 santralinin devreye al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc santralin in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015flanmas\u0131 planlanmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, n\u00fckleer enerjinin kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7erisindeki pay\u0131n\u0131n 2023 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar en az y\u00fczde10\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Mersin \u0130li Akkuyu B\u00f6lgesinde n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 santral\u0131 kurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik 12 May\u0131s 2010 tarihinde, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile Rusya Federasyonu H\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan anla\u015fma \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde projenin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in 13 Aral\u0131k 2010 tarihinde Akkuyu N\u00fckleer G\u00fc\u00e7 Santrali Elektrik \u00dcretim A.\u015e. ad\u0131nda proje \u015firketi kurulmu\u015f ve faaliyetlerine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0\u0130kinci n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 santralinin Japonya ile birlikte Sinop\u2019ta in\u015fa edilmesine karar verilmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n

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Yenilenebilir Enerji (R\u00fczgar, G\u00fcne\u015f) Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi g\u00fcne\u015fin yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve D\u00fcnya\u2019ya da ula\u015fan enerjidir. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan yararlanmak i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok teknoloji geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu teknolojilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini \u0131\u015f\u0131k ya da \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi \u015feklinde direkt olarak kullan\u0131rken, di\u011fer teknolojiler g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden elektrik elde etmek \u015feklinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f enerjili s\u0131cak su sistemleri, suyu \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan yararlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu sistemler evsel s\u0131cak su ya da bir alan\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labildi\u011fi gibi, \u00e7o\u011funlukla bir havuzu \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu sistemler genellikle bir termal g\u00fcne\u015f paneli ile bir de depodan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

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Elektrik Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan temel kaynaklar do\u011falgaz, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve\u00a0yenilenebilir enerjidir. \u00dclkemizde elektrik enerjisinin y\u00fczde 41\u2019i do\u011falgazdan, y\u00fczde\u00a033\u2019i yenilenebilir enerjiden ve y\u00fczde 25\u2019i k\u00f6m\u00fcrden elde edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Elektrik enerjisi bir y\u00f6n\u00fcyle nihai mal, di\u011fer y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ise ara mal \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. Elektrik enerjisi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, ekonomideki b\u00fct\u00fcn kesimlere girdi verir. Elektrik normal bir ticari mal de\u011fildir. \u0130kame edilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip olan elektri\u011fin, y\u00fcksek maliyetli olmas\u0131 ve fiziki olarak \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck mekanlar gerektirmesi nedeniyle y\u00fcksek oranl\u0131 stoklama olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u00dcretildi\u011fi an t\u00fcketilmesi gereken elektrik enerjisinde, t\u00fcketim aylara, g\u00fcnlere ve g\u00fcn\u00fcn saatlerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu nedenle \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemi ne olursa olsun, t\u00fcm elektrik santrallerinin kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn en y\u00fcksek talebi kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek birkapasiteye sahip olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Elektrik enerjisinin bir di\u011fer \u00f6zelli\u011fi de \u00fcretimin kesintisiz devam etmesinin zorunlu olu\u015fudur. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00fcretimde daima belirli bir yedek kapasitenin haz\u0131r bulundurulmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131ll\u0131k 150 Milyar TL \u00a0i\u015flem hacmine sahip olan T\u00fcrkiye Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc; 1993 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar T\u00fcrkiye Elektrik Kurumu\u2019nun (TEK) kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda iken, piyasa liberalle\u015fme ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme hedefleri do\u011frultusunda T\u00fcrkiye Elektrik A.\u015e. (TEA\u015e) ve T\u00fcrkiye Elektrik Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m A.\u015e. (TEDA\u015e) olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda Elektrik Piyasas\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle birlikte TEA\u015e, Elektrik \u00dcretim A.\u015e. (E\u00dcA\u015e), T\u00fcrkiye Elektrik Ticaretve Taah\u00fct A.\u015e. (TETA\u015e) ve T\u00fcrkiye Elektrik \u0130letim \u00a0A.\u015e. (TE\u0130A\u015e) olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elektrik piyasas\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u015firketlerin ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 mevzuat ve yeni d\u00fczenlemeler hakk\u0131nda genel hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k; EPDK nezdinde gerekli izinlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131na \u00a0ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvuru s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi veya bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k hizmeti verilmesi; enerji santrallerin kurulmas\u0131 ve\/veya devrine ili\u015fkin hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmal\u0131k hizmetlerinin sunulmas\u0131; projelerin hukuki de\u011ferlendirmelerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fen mevzuata uyum i\u00e7in gerekli \u015fartlar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131; \u00e7evresel etki ve de\u011ferlendirmelerin mevzuata uygunlu\u011funun denetimi; \u015firketlerin birle\u015fme ve devralma i\u015flemlerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi; elektrik da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k verilmesi; lisanslar konusunda \u00e7\u0131kan her t\u00fcr hukuki ihtilaf\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 sundu\u011fumuz hizmetlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Jeo-Termal Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Jeotermal enerji, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn kabu\u011funda bulunan \u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu enerjiden, yer y\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131cak sular arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yararlan\u0131lmakta olup, kayna\u011f\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u0131s\u0131tma uygulamalar\u0131nda ya da elektrik \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Alt\u0131n Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Alt\u0131n\u0131n yerkabu\u011funda en az bulunan element olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi yan\u0131nda bilinen en iyi iletkendir. Ayr\u0131ca su ve oksijenle reaksiyona girmez. Bu nedenle binlerce sene ge\u00e7se de alt\u0131n bozulmadan ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini koruyabilir. Alt\u0131n kuyumculukta, alt\u0131n kaplama\/s\u00fcslemede, elektrik\/elektronikte, uzay sanayinde, di\u015f\u00e7ilikte, t\u0131pta, kataliz\u00f6r yap\u0131m\u0131nda, para ve madalya yap\u0131m\u0131nda, dekoratif ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131mda, k\u00fcl\u00e7e stoklar\u0131nda, tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki alt\u0131n tel ve iplik, ve kimya sanayindeki paslanmaya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 tel yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik alanlarda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Do\u011fal Ta\u015flar Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Do\u011fal ta\u015f bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, jeolojik yap\u0131s\u0131 itibar\u0131yla zengin bir potansiyele sahip olan \u00fclkemizde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc verilere g\u00f6re 4 milyar m3 i\u015fletilebilir mermer, 2,8 milyar m3 i\u015fletilebilir traverten, 1 milyar m3 granit rezervi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye d\u00fcnya do\u011fal ta\u015f rezervinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %40’\u0131na sahiptir.\u00a0Do\u011fal ta\u015flar \u00f6zellikle in\u015faat, kaplama, d\u00f6\u015feme, heykelcilik, mezar ta\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131, m\u0131c\u0131r, porselen ve cam sanayi, optik sanayi ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Bor Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Bor, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde toprak, kayalar ve suda yayg\u0131n olarak bulunan bir elementtir. Bor mineralleri, yap\u0131lar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 oranlarda bor oksit (B2O3) i\u00e7eren do\u011fal bile\u015fiklerdir. Bu mineraller \u00f6ncelikle fiziksel i\u015fleme tabi tutularak zenginle\u015ftirilir daha sonra rafine edilerek \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasal bor bile\u015fiklerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kimyasal bor bile\u015fikleri genel olarak cam, cam y\u00fcn\u00fc, cam elyaf\u0131, seramik, tar\u0131m ve deterjan sekt\u00f6rlerinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu alanlara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen kullan\u0131m oran\u0131 %85’e yak\u0131nd\u0131r. %15’lik k\u0131s\u0131m ise di\u011fer olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan n\u00fckleer uygulamalar, askeri ara\u00e7lar, yak\u0131tlar, polimerik malzemeler, nanoteknolojiler, otomotiv ve enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, metal\u00fcrji ve in\u015faat gibi 500’e yak\u0131n alanda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en iyi kalitede bor rezervlerine sahip olan ve buna paralel olarak d\u00fcnyada en y\u00fcksek bor bile\u015fikleri \u00fcretimini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u00fclkedir. D\u00fcnya bor talebinin de \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00fclkemiz taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Akaryak\u0131t (Petrol) Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc Petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, petrol\u00fcn aran\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, rafinerilerde i\u015flenmesi ve \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bayilere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bayiler taraf\u0131ndan da perakende sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmas\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren kademeli bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de petrol piyasas\u0131 faaliyetleri \u00a05015 say\u0131l\u0131 Petrol Piyasas\u0131 Kanunu\u2019na g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte, bu d\u00fczenleme kapsam\u0131nda yer verilmeyen, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle piyasa faaliyeti olarak nitelendirilmeyen […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3019,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3099","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0415nergie und Naturelle Resourcen | B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"enerji ve tabi kaynaklar sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, Ge\u00e7ersiz marker i\u00e7eren ka\u00e7ak akaryak\u0131t, On Numara Ya\u011f, petrol, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, do\u011falgaz, hidroelektrik, LPG, jeotermal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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G\u00fcvenilirlik, itibar, etik de\u011ferler ve kalite standartlar\u0131 gibi unsurlar, vazge\u00e7ilmezlerimiz olu\u015fturur.","legalName":"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk","foundingDate":"2002-01-01","numberOfEmployees":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","minValue":"1","maxValue":"10"},"address":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/faaliyet-alanlarimiz\/sektorler\/enerji-tabii-kaynaklar\/#local-main-place-address"},"geo":{"@type":"GeoCoordinates","latitude":"39.90985903589262","longitude":"32.81218744448808"},"telephone":["0 (312) 473 39 60","0 (553) 223 32 90"],"openingHoursSpecification":[{"@type":"OpeningHoursSpecification","dayOfWeek":["Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"opens":"08:00","closes":"18:00"},{"@type":"OpeningHoursSpecification","dayOfWeek":["Sunday"],"opens":"00:00","closes":"00:00"}],"email":"iletisim@bicakhukuk.com","faxNumber":"0 (312) 473 39 62","areaServed":"Hukuk"},{"@type":"PostalAddress","@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/faaliyet-alanlarimiz\/sektorler\/enerji-tabii-kaynaklar\/#local-main-place-address","streetAddress":"Next Level Loft Ofis, Kat 9-10, Daire 29, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak Mahallesi, Ufuk \u00dcniversitesi Caddesi S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00f6z\u00fc \/ \u00c7ankaya","addressLocality":"Ankara","postalCode":"06530","addressCountry":"TR"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"de","@id":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/faaliyet-alanlarimiz\/sektorler\/enerji-tabii-kaynaklar\/#local-main-organization-logo","url":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/bicak_hukuk_logo_kare.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/bicak_hukuk_logo_kare.png","width":2000,"height":2000,"caption":"B\u0131\u00e7ak Hukuk | T\u00fcrkiye Merkezli Global Hukuk Firmas\u0131"}]},"geo.placename":"Ankara","geo.position":{"lat":"39.90985903589262","long":"32.81218744448808"},"geo.region":"T\u00fcrkei"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3099"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3099\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3019"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bicakhukuk.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}